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  • Milestone |

    T cells are specialized lymphocytes that have vital roles in the immune system.

    Image: Chris Ryan

  • Milestone |

    2021 marks the centenary of the discovery of insulin. Since that landmark discovery, huge advances have taken place in our understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, as well as improvements in the treatment of patients with diabetes.

    Image: Chris Ryan

  • Milestone |

    The past two decades have witnessed extraordinary technological and computational advances in nucleic acid sequencing. This Milestone timeline provides a perspective of major genomic sequencing-related developments in the 21st century — from the first human reference genome, through methodological breakthroughs, to the impact of sequencing on fields as diverse as microbiology, cancer and palaeogenetics.

    Image: Chris Ryan

  • Milestone |

    The ancient physician Hippocrates described the projection of blood vessels from a collection of cells as ‘karkinos’, the Greek word for crab.

    Image: Chris Ryan

  • Milestone |

    Vaccination has contributed to saving more lives than any other medical intervention in history.

    Image: Jason Mischka

  • Milestone |

    The discovery of antisense RNA phenomena has profoundly altered our understanding of gene regulation and revolutionized the way biological research is conducted.

  • Milestone |

    The human body is home to trillions of microorganisms, which have direct and indirect impacts on health and disease. The microbiota that resides in our mucosal surfaces, such as the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, is a diverse community of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, which collectively have 100-fold more genes that their human host.

  • Milestone |

    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – the etiologic agent of AIDS – is one of the most intensively studied disease organism in history. Since its first identification in the early 1980s, HIV has transformed into a pandemic, globally infecting more 36 million people and annually contributing to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of patients – particularly in low income countries.

    Image: Chris Ryan

  • Milestone |

    Nature Milestones in Antibodies, presented by Nature Immunology, Nature Reviews Immunology, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology and Nature Communications, highlights some of the most influential developments in the history of antibody research.

  • Milestone |

    Nature Milestones in Crystallography, a collaborative effort between Nature, Nature Materials, Nature Nanotechnology and Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, is the eleventh supplement in the series and is timed to coincide with the celebration of the 2014 International Year of Crystallography.

  • Milestone |

    Milestones in Cytoskeleton, presented by Nature, Nature Cell Biology and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, celebrates ground-breaking advances in cytoskeleton research over the past 60 years — from the discovery of actomyosin filaments in muscle to the identification of molecular motors, and from fluorescence analogue cytochemistry and differential interference contrast microscopy to single-molecule assays.

  • Milestone |

    Milestones in DNA Technologies is a collaborative project involving three journals - Nature,Nature MethodsandNature Reviews Genetics- and celebrates more than half a century of discoveries and applications of DNA technologies.