TABLE 1

FROM:

Stem and Progenitor Cells in Skeletal Muscle Development, Maintenance, and Therapy

Bruno Péault, Michael Rudnicki, Yvan Torrente, Giulio Cossu, Jacques P Tremblay, Terry Partridge, Emanuela Gussoni, Louis M Kunkel and Johnny Huard

Table 1. Different types of stem cells investigated

	Developmental derivation	Anatomic localization	Lineage potential	Normal physiologic function	Molecular markers		Fate of human cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice
					M	H
Myoblasts	Mesoderm	Cells proliferating after the activation of the satellite cells that are attached on the muscle fibers under the basal lamina	Myogenic	Regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers in injured and diseased muscle	MyoD+	CD56+	Fuse with mouse muscle fibers
			Osteogenic		Desmin+	MyoD+	Form satellite cells
						Myf5+
						Desmin+
SP cells	60% somitic	Interstitial; perhaps associated with blood vessels	Myogenic	Unknown	CD34+/–	CD34+/–	Unknown
	40% unknown				Sca-1+	CD133+/–
					C-kit–	C-kit–
					CD45–	CD45–
					CD31+/–
MDSC	Unknown	Myofiber periphery closely associated to blood vessels	Myogenic	Unknown	CD34+/–	Unknown	Unknown
			Osteogenic		Sca-1+/–
			Hematopoietic		CD45–
			Cardiogenic		C-Kit–
			Chondrogenic		BCL-2+
Myo-endothelial cells	Unknown	Myofiber periphery close to blood vessels	Myogenic	Unknown	Unknown	CD34+	Regeneration of muscle fibers when transplanted into CTX-treated skeletal muscle; improvement of cardiac function when injected into infarcted hearts
			Cardiogenic			CD144+
			Osteogenic			CD56+
			Chondrogenic			CD31+
			Other lineages not tested			CD45–
Pericytes	Mesectoderm in the head; mesoderm in the body; needs further characterization	Periphery of capillaries and microvessels in all tissues	Myogenic	Blood flow regulation	-SMA+	CD144–	Myogenic when transplanted into CTX-treated skeletal muscle; improvement in cardiac function when injected into infarcted hearts
			Osteogenic	Control of angiogenesis		PDGFRB+
			Adipogenic			CD146+
			Chondrogenic			NG2+
			Other lineages not tested			CD34–
						CD45–
Mesoangioblasts	Mesoderm; walls of blood vessels	Associated with the microvessel wall	Myogenic (including smooth muscle)	Unknown	CD34+	CD34–	Regeneration of dystrophin + muscle fibers when injected into mdx/SCID mice
			Cardiogenic (low)		Sca-1+	CD 133–
			Osteogenic (low)		CD31+	CD31–
			Adipogenic		C-Kit+/–	NG2+
					CD45–	CD45–
CD133+ progenitor cells	Mesoderm	Myofiber periphery close to blood vessels	Myogenic	Angiogenesis in injured tissues	CD34+/–	CD34+/–	Regeneration of muscle fibers when transplanted into dystrophic skeletal muscle and promotion of angiogenesis
			Hematopoietic	Hematopoiesis	Sca-1+	Thy-1+/–
			Vasculogenic (endothelium)			CD133+
						CD146+

  Abbreviations: MDSC, muscle-derived stem cell; Sca-1, stem cell antigen-1; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; SP, side population; M, mouse; H, human; CTX, cardiotoxin.