Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:

Multicenter linkage study of schizophrenia loci on chromosome 22q

Molecular Psychiatry volume 9, pages 784–795 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

The hypothesis of the existence of one or more schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosome 22q is supported by reports of genetic linkage and association, meta-analyses of linkage, and the observation of elevated risk for psychosis in people with velocardiofacial syndrome, caused by 22q11 microdeletions. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating 10 microsatellite markers spanning 22q in a multicenter sample of 779 pedigrees. We also incorporated age at onset and sex into the analysis as covariates. No significant evidence for linkage to schizophrenia or for linkage associated with earlier age at onset, gender, or heterogeneity across sites was observed. We interpret these findings to mean that the population-wide effects of putative 22q schizophrenia susceptibility loci are too weak to detect with linkage analysis even in large samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Badner JA, Gershon ES . Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 405–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I et al. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 34–48.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Pulver AE, Karayiorgou M, Wolyniec PS, Lasseter VK, Kasch L, Nestadt G et al. Sequential strategy to identify a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: report of potential linkage on chromosome 22q12–q13.1: part 1. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54: 36–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lasseter VK, Pulver AE, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G, Meyers D, Karayiorgou M et al. Follow-up report of potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22q: part 3. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 172–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Vallada HP, Gill M, Sham P, Lim LC, Nanko S, Asherson P et al. Linkage studies on chromosome 22 in familial schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 139–146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Schwab SG, Lerer B, Albus M, Maier W, Hallmayer J, Fimmers R et al. Potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22q12–q13: a replication study. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 436–443.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kalsi G, Brynjolfsson J, Butler R, Sherrington R, Curtis D, Sigmundsson T et al. Linkage analysis of chromosome 22q12–13 in a United Kingdom/Icelandic sample of 23 multiplex schizophrenia families. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 298–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Riley B, Mogudi Carter M, Jenkins T, Williamson R . No evidence for linkage of chromosome 22 markers to schizophrenia in southern African Bantu-speaking families. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 515–522.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Parsian A, Suarez BK, Isenberg K, Hampe CL, Fisher L, Chakraverty S et al. No evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility gene in the vicinity of IL2RB on chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74: 361–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Coon H, Holik J, Hoff M, Reimherr F, Wender P, Myles Worsley M et al. Analysis of chromosome 22 markers in nine schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 1994; 15: 72–79.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Blouin JL, Dombroski BA, Nath SK, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G et al. Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 70–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stober G, Pfuhlmann B, Nurnberg G, Schmidtke A, Reis A, Franzek E et al. Towards the genetic basis of periodic catatonia: pedigree sample for genome scan I and II. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251: 125–130.

    Google Scholar 

  13. DeLisi LE, Shaw SH, Crow TJ, Shields G, Smith AB, Larach VW et al. A genome-wide scan for linkage to chromosomal regions in 382 sibling pairs with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 803–812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pulver AE, Nestadt G, Goldberg R, Shprintzen RJ, Lamacz M, Wolyniec PS et al. Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome and their relatives. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182: 476–478.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gill M, Vallada H, Collier D, Sham P, Holmans P, Murray R et al. A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q12. Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group (Chromosome 22). Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 40–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kong A, Gudbjartsson DF, Sainz J, Jonsdottir GM, Gudjonsson SA, Richardsson B et al. A high-resolution recombination map of the human genome. Nat Genet 2002; 31: 241–247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schwab SG, Hallmayer J, Albus M, Lerer B, Eckstein GN, Borrmann M et al. A genome-wide autosomal screen for schizophrenia susceptibility loci in 71 families with affected siblings: support for loci on chromosome 10p and 6. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 638–649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gurling HM, Kalsi G, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Sherrington R, Mankoo BS et al. Genomewide genetic linkage analysis confirms the presence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, on chromosomes 1q32.2, 5q33.2, and 8p21–22 and provides support for linkage to schizophrenia, on chromosomes 11q23.3–24 and 20q12.1–11.23. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 661–673.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Polymeropoulos MH, Coon H, Byerley W, Gershon ES, Goldin L, Crow TJ et al. Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on human chromosome 22. [Special Issue: Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on human chromosome 22]. Am J Med Genet 1994; 15: 93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shaw SH, Kelly M, Smith AB, Shields G, Hopkins PJ, Loftus J et al. A genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81: 364–376.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kelsoe JR, Spence MA, Loetscher E, Foguet M, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA et al. A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 585–590.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Wise LH, Lanchbury JS, Lewis CM . Meta-analysis of genome searches. Ann Hum Genet 1999; 63: 263–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger Jr JI et al. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 49–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Murphy KC, Jones LA, Owen MJ . High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 940–945.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shprintzen RJ . Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a distinctive behavioral phenotype. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000; 6: 142–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Karayiorgou M, Morris MA, Morrow B, Shprintzen RJ, Goldberg R, Borrow J et al. Schizophrenia susceptibility associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7612–7616.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Sugama S, Namihira T, Matsuoka R, Taira N, Eto Y, Maekawa K . Psychiatric inpatients and chromosome deletions within 22q11.2. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 803–806.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Arinami T, Ohtsuki T, Takase K, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa T, Horigome H et al. Screening for 22q11 deletions in a schizophrenia population. Schizophr Res 2001; 52: 167–170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ivanov D, Kirov G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Williams NM, Nikolov I et al. Chromosome 22q11 deletions, velo-cardio-facial syndrome and early-onset psychosis. Molecular genetic study. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 409–413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lindsay EA, Morris MA, Gos A, Nestadt G, Wolyniec PS, Lasseter VK et al. Schizophrenia and chromosomal deletions within 22q11.2. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 1502–1503.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Usiskin SI, Nicolson R, Krasnewich DM, Yan W, Lenane M, Wudarsky M et al. Velocardiofacial syndrome in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1536–1543.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu H, Heath SC, Sobin C, Roos JL, Galke BL, Blundell ML et al. Genetic variation at the 22q11 PRODH2/DGCR6 locus presents an unusual pattern and increases susceptibility to schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 3717–3722.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, Pisante-Shalom A, Lev-Lehman E, Weizman A et al. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 1296–1302.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Takase K, Ohtsuki T, Migita O, Toru M, Inada T, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K et al. Association of ZNF74 gene genotypes with age-at-onset of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 52: 161–165.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. De Luca A, Conti E, Grifone N, Amati F, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C et al. Association study between CAG trinucleotide repeats in the PCQAP gene (PC2 glutamine/Q-rich-associated protein) and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2003; 116(Suppl): 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  36. De Luca A, Pasini A, Amati F, Botta A, Spalletta G, Alimenti S et al. Association study of a promoter polymorphism of UFD1L gene with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105: 529–533.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Saito T, Guan F, Papolos DF, Rajouria N, Fann CS, Lachman HM . Polymorphism in SNAP29 gene promoter region associated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 193–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Li T, Ball D, Zhao J, Murray RM, Liu X, Sham PC et al. Family-based linkage disequilibrium mapping using SNP marker haplotypes: application to a potential locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q11. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 77–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Williams NM, Spurlock G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Hamshere ML, Krawczak M et al. Mutation screening and LD mapping in the VCFS deleted region of chromosome 22q11 in schizophrenia using a novel DNA pooling approach. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 1092–1100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Moises HW, Yang L, Kristbjarnarson H, Wiese C, Byerley W, Macciardi F et al. An international two-stage genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 321–324.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Williams NM, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Cardno AG, Asherson P, Williams J et al. No evidence for an allelic association between schizophrenia and markers D22S278 and D22S283. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74: 37–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams N, Spurlock G, Norton N, Ivanov D, McCreadie RG, Preece A et al. Association between PRODH and schizophrenia is not confirmed. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8: 644–645.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Toyooka K, Muratake T, Tanaka T, Igarashi S, Watanabe H, Takeuchi H et al. 14-3-3 protein eta chain gene (YWHAH) polymorphism and its genetic association with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 164–167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mimmack ML, Ryan M, Baba H, Navarro-Ruiz J, Iritani S, Faull RL et al. Gene expression analysis in schizophrenia: reproducible up-regulation of several members of the apolipoprotein L family located in a high-susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 4680–4685.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Levinson DF, Holmans PA, Laurent C, Riley B, Pulver AE, Gejman PV et al. No major schizophrenia locus detected on chromosome 1q in a large multicenter sample. Science 2002; 296: 739–741.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Li T, Sham PC, Vallada H, Xie T, Tang X, Murray RM et al. Preferential transmission of the high activity allele of COMT in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1996; 6: 131–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kunugi H, Vallada HP, Sham PC, Hoda F, Arranz MJ, Li T et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a transmission disequilibrium study in multiply affected families. Psychiatr Genet 1997; 7: 97–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chen CH, Lee YR, Liu MY, Wei FC, Koong FJ, Hwu HG et al. Identification of a BglI polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, and association study with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 556–559.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Daniels JK, Williams NM, Williams J, Jones LA, Cardno AG, Murphy KC et al. No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a polymorphism determining high or low catechol O-methyltransferase activity. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 268–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ohmori O, Shinkai T, Kojima H, Terao T, Suzuki T, Mita T et al. Association study of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in Japanese schizophrenics. Neurosci Lett 1998; 243: 109–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Liou YJ, Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Wang YC, Lai IC . Association analysis of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenic patients in Taiwan. Neuropsychobiology 2001; 43: 11–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 6917–6922.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Joober R, Gauthier J, Lal S, Bloom D, Lalonde P, Rouleau G et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val-108/158-Met gene variants associated with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 662–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Meyer J, Huberth A, Ortega G, Syagailo YV, Jatzke S, Mossner R et al. A missense mutation in a novel gene encoding a putative cation channel is associated with catatonic schizophrenia in a large pedigree. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 302–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Devaney JM, Donarum EA, Brown KM, Meyer J, Stober G, Lesch KP et al. No missense mutation of WKL1 in a subgroup of probands with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 419–423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jorgensen TH, Borglum AD, Mors O, Wang AG, Pinaud M, Flint TJ et al. Search for common haplotypes on chromosome 22q in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from the Faroe Islands. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114: 245–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. McQuillin A, Kalsi G, Moorey H, Lamb G, Mayet S, Quested D et al. A novel polymorphism in exon 11 of the WKL1 gene, shows no association with schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10: 491–494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Saleem Q, Dash D, Gandhi C, Kishore A, Benegal V, Sherrin T et al. Association of CAG repeat loci on chromosome 22 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 694–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Holmans P . Asymptotic properties of affected-sib-pair linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52: 362–374.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kruglyak L, Daly MJ, Reeve-Daly MP, Lander ES . Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58: 1347–1363.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Dorr DA, Rice JP, Armstrong C, Reich T, Blehar M . A meta-analysis of chromosome 18 linkage data for bipolar illness. Genet Epidemiol 1997; 14: 617–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rice JP . The role of meta-analysis in linkage studies of complex traits. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74: 112–114.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Levinson DF, Mahtani MM, Nancarrow DJ, Brown DM, Kruglyak L, Kirby A et al. Genome scan of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 741–750.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ewen KR, Bahlo M, Treloar SA, Levinson DF, Mowry B, Barlow JW et al. Identification and analysis of error types in high-throughput genotyping. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 727–736.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Williams NM, Rees MI, Holmans P, Norton N, Cardno AG, Jones LA et al. A two-stage genome scan for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in 196 affected sibling pairs. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8: 1729–1739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cao Q, Martinez M, Zhang J, Sanders AR, Badner JA, Cravchik A et al. Suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q and a confirmation in an independent series of pedigrees. Genomics 1997; 43: 1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Campion D, d'Amato T, Bastard C, Laurent C, Guedj F, Jay M et al. Genetic study of dopamine D1, D2, and D4 receptors in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1994; 51: 215–230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bonnet-Brilhault F, Laurent C, Campion D, Thibaut F, Lafargue C, Charbonnier F et al. No evidence for involvement of KCNN3 (hSKCa3) potassium channel gene in familial and isolated cases of schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7: 247–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cloninger CR, Kaufmann CA, Faraone SV, Malaspina D, Svrakic DM, Harkavy-Friedman J et al. Genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility loci: the NIMH Genetics Initiative and Millennium Consortium. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81: 275–281.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kendler KS, O'Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, Straub RE et al. Irish study on high-density schizophrenia families: field methods and power to detect linkage. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 179–190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lander E, Kruglyak L . Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 241–247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Thomson G . Identifying complex disease genes: progress and paradigms. Nat Genet 1994; 8: 108–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Goring HH, Terwilliger JD, Blangero J . Large upward bias in estimation of locus-specific effects from genomewide scans. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69: 1357–1369.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. van den Oord EJ, Sullivan PF . False discoveries and models for gene discovery. Trends Genet 2003; 19: 537–542.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Levinson DF, Levinson MD, Segurado R, Lewis CM . Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part I: Methods and power analysis. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 17–33.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Hauser ER, Boehnke M . Confirmation of linkage results in affected-sib-pair linkage analysis for complex genetic traits. Am J Hum Genet Suppl 1997; 61: A:278.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Barr CL, Wigg K, Malone M, Schachar R, Tannock R, Roberts W et al. Linkage study of catechol-O-methyltransferase and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 710–713.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lung FW, Tzeng DS, Shu BC . Ethnic heterogeneity in allele variation in the DRD4 gene in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002; 57: 239–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Walsh D . The structure of psychosis: latent class analysis of probands from the Roscommon Family Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 492–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Levinson DF, Mowry BJ, Escamilla MA, Faraone SV . The Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale (LDPS): description and interrater reliability. Schizophr Bull 2002; 28: 683–695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. McGuffin P, Farmer A, Harvey I . A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 764–770.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge participation of family members. Supported by NIMH Grants KO2-01207 and K24-MH64197 (DFL); the Australian NHMRC Grants 33505 and 35016, and Queensland Department of Health (BJM); NIMH Grant MH61602 (DFL, CL, BR, AEP, PVG, DBW, MJO); NIMH Grants MH 41953, 52537, and 45390 (BR and KSK); the UK Medical Research Council (MJO, MO'D); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant SFB 400 (DBW, WM); the German–Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research (BL, DBW); the NIMH Intramural Program and the Brain Research Foundation, University of Chicago (PVG); NIMH Grant RO1-MH57314 (AEP); and CNRS and Aventis Pharma SA (JM, CL). Specimens from the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative (NIMH SGI) were used in this study. Data and biomaterials were collected in three projects that participated in the NIMH SGI. From 1991 to 1997, the principal investigators and coinvestigators were Harvard University (Grant U01 MH46318) (MT Tsuang, S Faraone, and J Pepple); Washington University, St Louis (Grant U01 MH46276) (CR Cloninger, T Reich, and D Svrakic); and Columbia University (Grant U01 MH46289) (C Kaufmann, D Malaspina, and J Harkavy Friedman).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park – Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia

    B J Mowry & D A Nertney

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    B J Mowry

  3. MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK

    P A Holmans

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    A E Pulver & G Nestadt

  5. Northwestern University, ENH Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA

    P V Gejman, A R Sanders, J Duan & B Carpenter

  6. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    B Riley, B Wormley, R Ribble & K S Kendler

  7. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    N M Williams, M J Owen, N Norton, H Williams & M C O'Donovan

  8. Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    C Laurent, S Bauché, M Jay & J Mallet

  9. Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    S G Schwab, D B Wildenauer & W Maier

  10. Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    K Y Liang

  11. Aventis Pharma SA, Evry, France

    S Soubigou & J-F Deleuze

  12. Australian Genome Research Facility, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    K R Ewen-White

  13. Clinica Psichiatrica, Seconda Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy

    N deMarchi

  14. The Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland

    D Walsh

  15. State Mental Hospital, Haar, Germany

    M Albus

  16. Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

    G Papadimitriou & D Dikeos

  17. Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland

    A O'Neill

  18. Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

    F B Lerer

  19. Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    J M Silverman

  20. Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IW, USA

    R R Crowe

  21. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    D F Levinson

Authors
  1. B J Mowry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P A Holmans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A E Pulver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P V Gejman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. B Riley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. N M Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. C Laurent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S G Schwab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. D B Wildenauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. S Bauché
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. M J Owen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. B Wormley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. A R Sanders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. G Nestadt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. K Y Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. J Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. R Ribble
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. N Norton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. S Soubigou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. W Maier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. K R Ewen-White
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. N deMarchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. B Carpenter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. D Walsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. H Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. M Jay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. M Albus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. D A Nertney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. G Papadimitriou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. A O'Neill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. M C O'Donovan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. J-F Deleuze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. F B Lerer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. D Dikeos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. K S Kendler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. J Mallet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. J M Silverman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. R R Crowe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. D F Levinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B J Mowry.

Additional information

Electronic-Database Information

‘Build 33’, NCBI's assembly of human genomic sequence data available on April 10, 2003, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/human/HsStats.html (for physical locations of markers).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mowry, B., Holmans, P., Pulver, A. et al. Multicenter linkage study of schizophrenia loci on chromosome 22q. Mol Psychiatry 9, 784–795 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001481

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001481

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links