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Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression

Molecular Psychiatry volume 23, pages 133–142 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

The hypothesis that the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter promoter region is associated with increased risk of depression, but only in individuals exposed to stressful situations, has generated much interest, research and controversy since first proposed in 2003. Multiple meta-analyses combining results from heterogeneous analyses have not settled the issue. To determine the magnitude of the interaction and the conditions under which it might be observed, we performed new analyses on 31 data sets containing 38 802 European ancestry subjects genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and assessed for depression and childhood maltreatment or other stressful life events, and meta-analysed the results. Analyses targeted two stressors (narrow, broad) and two depression outcomes (current, lifetime). All groups that published on this topic prior to the initiation of our study and met the assessment and sample size criteria were invited to participate. Additional groups, identified by consortium members or self-identified in response to our protocol (published prior to the start of analysis) with qualifying unpublished data, were also invited to participate. A uniform data analysis script implementing the protocol was executed by each of the consortium members. Our findings do not support the interaction hypothesis. We found no subgroups or variable definitions for which an interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype was statistically significant. In contrast, our findings for the main effects of life stressors (strong risk factor) and 5-HTTLPR genotype (no impact on risk) are strikingly consistent across our contributing studies, the original study reporting the interaction and subsequent meta-analyses. Our conclusion is that if an interaction exists in which the S allele of 5-HTTLPR increases risk of depression only in stressed individuals, then it is not broadly generalisable, but must be of modest effect size and only observable in limited situations.

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Acknowledgements

Acknowledgment of funding: Funding supporting the participation of the contributing studies was as follows:

ALSPAC: Grant 102215/2/13/2 from The Wellcome Trust and grant MC_UU_12013/6 from the UK Medical Research Council. The University of Bristol also provides core support for ALSPAC. LB receives funding as an Early Career Research Fellow from the Leverhulme Trust. MRM is a member of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UK Clinical Research Council Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. ASPIS: EKBAN 97 from the General Secretariat of Research and Technology, Greek Ministry of Development. ATP: Grants DP130101459, DP160103160 and APP1082406 from the Australian Research Council and The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. CHDS: Grant HRC 11/792 from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. CoFaMS: Grant APP1060524 to BTB from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. We acknowledge the University of Adelaide for the provision of seed funding in support of this project. COGA: Grant U10AA008401 from the National Institutes of Health, NIAAA and NIDA. COGEND: National Institutes of Health grants P01CA089392 from NCI and R01DA036583 from NIDA. DeCC: Grant G0701420 from the UK Medical Research Council, and a UK MRC Population Health Scientist fellowship (G1002366) and an MQ Fellows Award (MQ14F40) to Helen L Fisher. EPIC-Norfolk: Grants G9502233, G0300128, C865/A2883 from the UK Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK. ESPRIT Montpellier: An unconditional grant from Novartis and from the National Research Agency (ANR Project 07 LVIE004). G1219: A project grant from the WT Grant Foundation and G120/635, a Career Development Award from the UK Medical Research Council to Thalia Eley. The GENESiS project was supported by Grant G9901258 from the UK Medical Research Council. This study presents independent research part- funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. GAN12-France: Research Protocol C0829 from INSERM; Research Protocol GAN12 from Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; ANR-11-IDEX- 0004 from Investissements d’Avenir program managed by the ANR, and RTRS Sante Mentale from Fondation FondaMental. GENESIS: Grant PHRC UF 7653 & ANR NEURO 2007 ‘GENESIS’ from CHU Montpellier & Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Heart and Soul: Epidemiology Merit Review Program from the Department of Veterans Affairs; National Institutes of Health grant R01HL-079235 from NHLBI; Generalist Physician Faculty Scholars Program from the Robert Woods Johnson foundation; Paul Beeson Faculty Scholars Program from the American Federation for Aging Research; and a Young Investigator Award from the Bran and Behavior Research Foundation. MARS: Grant LA 733/2-1 from German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry for Education and Research as part of the 'National Genome Research Network'. MLS: National Institutes of Health grants R01 AA07065 and R37 AA07065 from NIAAA. MoodInFlame: Grant EU-FP7-HEALTH-F2-2008-222963 from the European Union. Muenster Neuroimaging Study: Grant FOR2107, DA1151/5-1 from the German Research Foundation (DFG). NEWMOOD: Grants LSHM-CT-2004-503474 from Sixth Framework Program of the European Union; KTIA_NAP_13-1-2013-0001, KTIA_13_NAP-A-II/14 from National Development Agency Hungarian Brain Research Program; KTIA_NAP_13-2-2015-0001 from MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University; support from Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group; and support from the National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. NESDA/NTR: The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), Genetic influences on stability and change in psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood (ZonMW 912-10-020), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI -NL, 184.021.007), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). PATH: Program Grant Number 179805 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. POUCH: Grants 20FY01-38 and 20-FY04-37 of the Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Initiative Program Grant from the March of Dimes Foundation; National Institutes of Health grant R01 HD34543 from NICHD and NINR; grant 02816-7 from the Thrasher Research Foundation; and grant U01 DP000143-01 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QIMRtwin: Grants 941177, 971232, 339450, 443011 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; AA07535, AA07728, AA10249 from US Public Health Service; National Institutes of Health grant K99DA023549-01A2 from NIDA. Additional support was provided by Beyond Blue. SALVe 2001 and SALVe 2006: Grants FO2012-0326, FO2013-0023, FO2014-0243 from The Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden); SLS-559921 from Söderström-Königska Foundation; 2015-00897 from Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research; and M15-0239 from Åke Wiberg's Foundation. Additional funding was provided by Systembolagets Råd för Alkoholforskning, SRA and Svenska Spel Research Council. SEBAS: National Institutes of Health grants R01 AG16790, R01 AG16661 and R56 AG01661 from NIA and grant P2CHD047879 from NICHD; and additional financial support from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Georgetown University. SHIP/TREND: This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the framework of the e:Med research and funding concept (Integrament) Grant No. 01ZX1314E. Study of Health in Pomerania is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant Nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403; the Ministry of Cultural Affairs; and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide data were supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant No. 03ZIK012 and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The Greifswald Approach to Individualised Medicine (GANI_MED) was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant No. 03IS2061A and the German Research Foundation Grant No. GR 1912/5-1. TRAILS: Grants GB-MW 940-38-011, ZonMW Brainpower 100-001-004, Investment grant 175.010.2003.005, GB-MaGW 480-07-001 and Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481-08-013 from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Additional funding was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Justice, the European Science Foundation, BBMRI-NL and the participating centres (UMCG, RUG, Erasmus MC, UU, Radboud MC, Parnassia Bavo group): VAHCS: Grants APP1063091, 1008271 and 1019887 from Australia’s National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC). The coordinating team: National Institutes of Health grants R21 DA033827 and R01 DA026911 from NIDA.

Other acknowledgments:

We wish to thank the following for making the participation of each group possible: ALSPAC: All the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. ATP: All collaborators who have contributed to the Australian Temperament Project, especially Professors Ann Sanson, Margot Prior, Frank Oberklaid, John Toumbourou and Ms Diana Smart. We would also like to sincerely thank the participating families for their time and invaluable contribution to the study. The ATP study is located at The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Australia) and is a collaboration between Deakin University, The University of Melbourne, the Australian Institute of Family Studies, The University of New South Wales, The University of Otago (New Zealand) and the Royal Children's Hospital; further information available at www.aifs.gov.au/atp. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and may not reflect those of their organisational affiliations, nor of other collaborating individuals or organisations. CHDS: Allison L Miller, laboratory team leader, Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics. CoFaMS: We would like to thank study participants for their time and willingness to take part in the study. COGA: The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), Principal Investigators B Porjesz, V Hesselbrock, H Edenberg, L Bierut, includes 11 different centres: University of Connecticut (V Hesselbrock); Indiana University (HJ Edenberg, J Nurnberger Jr, T Foroud); University of Iowa (S Kuperman, J. Kramer); SUNY Downstate (B. Porjesz); Washington University in St Louis (L Bierut, J Rice, K Bucholz, A Agrawal); University of California at San Diego (M Schuckit); Rutgers University (J Tischfield, A Brooks); University of Texas Rio Grand Valley (L Almasy), Virginia Commonwealth University (D Dick), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (A Goate) and Howard University (R Taylor). Other COGA collaborators include: L Bauer (University of Connecticut); J McClintick, L Wetherill, X Xuei, Y Liu, D Lai, S O’Connor, M Plawecki, S Lourens (Indiana University); G Chan (University of Iowa; University of Connecticut); J Meyers, D Chorlian, C Kamarajan, A Pandey, J Zhang (SUNY Downstate); J-C Wang, M Kapoor, S Bertelsen (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); A Anokhin, V McCutcheon, S Saccone (Washington University); J Salvatore, F Aliev, B Cho (Virginia Commonwealth University); and Mark Kos (University of Texas Rio Grand Valley). A Parsian and M Reilly are the NIAAA Staff Collaborators. We thank John Budde, Maribel Martinez and Oliver Reyes from Alison Goate's lab for their technical assistance in genotyping. COGEND: COGEND is a collaborative research group and a part of the NIDA Genetics Consortium. Lead investigators who directed data collection include Laura Bierut, Naomi Breslau, Dorothy Hatsukami and Eric Johnson. The authors thank Heidi Kromrei and Tracey Richmond for their assistance in data collection. We thank John Budde, Maribel Martinez and Oliver Reyes from Alison Goate's lab for their technical assistance in genotyping. DeCC: All individuals who participated in the DeCC and BaCCs studies and were essential for their successful completion. Specifically, we acknowledge the leadership of Peter McGuffin and Anne Farmer, and the contribution of the following: Cerisse Gunasinghe, Katharine Mead, Joanna Gray, Ylva Dahlin, Amanda Elkin, Audrey Morgan, Joanna O'Leary, Nathan O'Neill, Nicola Reynolds, Zainab Samaan, Abraham Stern, Linda Southwick, Kopal Tandon, Alison Wheatley, Richard Williamson, Debra Woolway, Julia Woods, Sarah Ball, Ophelia Beer, Julian Childs, Sam Keating, Rachel Marsh, Penny Machin and Lucy Maddox, who were involved with the data collection and management of the studies. EPIC-Norfolk: All participants, general practitioners and the EPIC-Norfolk study team for their contribution to the research program. G1219: The families of the G1219 study for their time, Robert Plomin, Ian Craig, Pak Sham, Karen Sugden, Alice Gregory and Alejandro Crosico, Matthew Nash, Abram Sterne, Richard Williamson and Maria Napolitano for their contributions to the project. GAN12-France: Marion Leboyer, Chantal Henry, Stéphane Jamain, Jean-Pierre Kahn, Sébastien Gard. The GAN12-France study includes three centres : Creteil (M Leboyer, C Henry), Bordeaux (S Gard) and Nancy (JP Kahn) and also the INSERM U955 Translational Psychiatry research team (S Jamain). GENESIS: Catherine Genty and Aurélie Cazals for their assistance in conducting the study. MARS: The participants and their parents for their engagement in the study. We thank Erika Hohm and Katrin Zohsel for their assistance in conducting the study. MLS: Robert Zucker for allowing access to the MLS data. NEWMOOD: Diana Chase, Emma J Thomas, Darragh Downey, Dorottya Pap, Judit Lazary, Zoltan G Toth for their assistance in the recruitment and data acquisition and Hazel Platt for her assistance in genotyping. POUCH: Participants in the POUCH Study and the Project Director, Bertha Bullen and Nicole Jones. QIMRtwin: The staff from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research who were involved in the genotyping, the twins (drawn from the Australian NH&MRC Twin Registry) for their cooperation and Professors Ian Hickie, Grant Montgomery, and Naomi Wray for their encouragement. SALVe 2001: Professor Lars Oreland, Professor Jerzy Leppert, Professor Leif Lindström, Professor John Öhrvik, associate professor Rickard L Sjöberg and PhD Per-Olof Alm. SEBAS: The staff at the Surveillance and Research Division (Health Promotion Administration at the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan) who were instrumental in the design and implementation of the SEBAS and supervised all aspects of the fieldwork and data processing. SHIP/TREND: The participants taking part in the SHIP and TREND study. The contribution to data collection performed by study nurses, study physicians, interviewers and laboratory workers is gratefully acknowledged. We are also appreciative of the important support of IT and computer scientists, health information managers and administration staff. TRAILS: Everyone who participated in this research and made it possible. U Bologna: Dr Raffaella Calati for contribution in paper writing, Dr Elena Marino and Dr Adele Pirovano for their contribution to genetic analyses, and Professor Cristina Colombo from the Scientific institute San Raffaele of Milan, Department of Psychiatry, for her precious supervision of the study. U Molise: Dr Vladimir Carli (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Dr Leonardo Zaninotto and Professor Alessandro Serretti (University of Bologna, Italy), Dr Laura Recchia (University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy), Dr Valentina Gatta and Dr Liborio Stoppia (G d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy) for their valuable contribution to the study. The coordinating team: Sherri Fisher, James Childress, Brandie Thurman for administrative support and Katharina Domschke for contributions to the design of the analysis plan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    R C Culverhouse

  2. Department of Genetics and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    N L Saccone

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    A C Horton, Y Ma & L J Bierut

  4. Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    K J Anstey & R Burns

  5. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    T Banaschewski & M Laucht

  6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    M Burmeister & S Villafuerte

  7. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    M Burmeister

  8. School of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    S Cohen-Woods

  9. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France

    B Etain & F Bellivier

  10. AP-HP, Groupe Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris, France

    B Etain & F Bellivier

  11. INSERM, U1144, Paris, France

    B Etain & F Bellivier

  12. Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK

    H L Fisher

  13. Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    N Goldman

  14. Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France

    S Guillaume, E Olié & P Courtet

  15. INSERM U1061 Neuropsychiatry, Montpellier, France

    S Guillaume, E Olié, I Jaussent, P Courtet & K Ritchie

  16. Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France

    S Guillaume, E Olié & P Courtet

  17. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand

    J Horwood & D M Fergusson

  18. MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    G Juhasz

  19. Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    G Juhasz, P Petschner, G Bagdy & X Gonda

  20. Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    G Juhasz, I M Anderson & J F W Deakin

  21. NAP-A-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    G Juhasz, P Petschner, G Bagdy & X Gonda

  22. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

    K J Lester

  23. Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    L Mandelli & A Serretti

  24. Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    C M Middeldorp, J-J Hottenga, G Willemsen, D I Boomsma & E J C de Geus

  25. Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    C M Middeldorp & D I Boomsma

  26. Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    T M Air, C Jawahar, G Sinnamon, D Stacey, C Toben & B T Baune

  27. Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    R Araya

  28. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    L Bowes

  29. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    E M Byrne

  30. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    C Coffey

  31. Discipline of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia

    W L Coventry

  32. Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    K A B Gawronski

  33. Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    D Glei & M Weinstein

  34. Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    A Hatzimanolis & N C Stefanis

  35. Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece

    A Hatzimanolis & N C Stefanis

  36. EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    J-J Hottenga, G Willemsen, D I Boomsma & E J C de Geus

  37. Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    C Jennen-Steinmetz

  38. Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    J R Kramer

  39. INSERM U955, Creteil, France

    M Lajnef

  40. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    K Little

  41. Department of Paediatrics and School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    K Little

  42. Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    H M zu Schwabedissen

  43. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    M Nauck

  44. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands

    E Nederhof, A J Oldehinkel & J Ormel

  45. MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    P Petschner, G Bagdy & X Gonda

  46. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    W J Peyrot, B W J H Penninx & J H Smit

  47. Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    C Schwahn

  48. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Y Tian, C Holzman & N Breslau

  49. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    S Van der Auwera & H J Grabe

  50. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK

    N Wainwright & P G Surtees

  51. Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    J-C Wang & A M Goate

  52. Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK

    I M Anderson & J F W Deakin

  53. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    V Arolt & U Dannlowski

  54. Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    C Åslund & K W Nilsson

  55. Västmanland County Hospital Västerås, Västerås, Sweden

    C Åslund & K W Nilsson

  56. John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    S Easteal

  57. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK

    T Eley

  58. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    X Gonda

  59. Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    E O Johnson

  60. Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand

    M Kennedy

  61. Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    N G Martin

  62. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    M R Munafò

  63. UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    M R Munafò

  64. Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Burwood, VIC, Australia

    C A Olsson

  65. Department of Paediatrics and School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    C A Olsson

  66. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    C A Olsson

  67. Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany

    C Otte

  68. Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    G C Patton

  69. Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

    M Sarchiapone

  70. Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    J M Scheid

  71. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    H Völzke

  72. Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    M Whooley

  73. Departments of Psychiatry and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    J I Nurnberger Jr

Authors
  1. R C Culverhouse
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  2. N L Saccone
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  3. A C Horton
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  4. Y Ma
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  7. M Burmeister
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  8. S Cohen-Woods
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  9. B Etain
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  10. H L Fisher
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  11. N Goldman
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  15. K J Lester
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  16. L Mandelli
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  19. S Villafuerte
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  28. D Glei
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  31. I Jaussent
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  51. I M Anderson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to R C Culverhouse.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

IM Anderson has received consultancy/speaking fees from Servier, Alkermes, Lundbeck/Otsuka, Takeda and Janssen, and grant support from Servier and AstraZeneca. V Arolt declares that over the last 3 years he has received compensations for his contributions as member of advisory boards and for presentations for the following companies: AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Organon, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier and Trommsdorff. These co-operations have no relevance to the work that is covered in the manuscript. T Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Hexal Pharma, Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Otsuka, Oxford outcomes, PCM scientific, Shire and Viforpharma. He received conference attendance support and conference support or received speaker’s fees from Lilly, Medice, Novartis and Shire. He is/has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly, Shire & Viforpharma. F Bellivier has received honoraria or research or educational conference grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Otsuka, Eli Lilly, Servier, Takeda, Sanofi Aventis, Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, the European Space Agency and has received peer review research funding from French Ministry of research, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, the National Institute for Research (INSERM) and the NARSAD. LJ Bierut, AM Goate and JC Wang are listed as inventors on Issued Us Patent 8 080 371, 'Markers for Addiction' covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of addiction. NL Saccone is the spouse of SF Saccone, who is also listed as an inventor on the patent. JFW Deakin variously performed consultancy, speaking engagements and research for Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Schering Plough, Janssen-Cilag and Servier (all fees are paid to the University of Manchester to reimburse them for the time taken); he has share options in P1vital. JI Nurnberger is an investigator for Assurex and Janssen and a consultant for Janssen. E Olié has received a research grant from AstraZeneca and speaking fees from Otsuka, AstraZeneca, Lundbeck. She is involved in clinical trail conducted by Janssen. The remaining authors declare no potential conflicts of interest: TM Air, KJ Anstey, R Araya, C Åslund, G Bagdy, BT Baune, F Bellivier, DI Boomsma, L Bowes, M Burmeister, R Burns, EM Byrne, C Coffey, S Cohen-Woods, P Courtet, WF Coventry, RC Culverhouse, U Dannlowski, EJC de Geus, T Eley, S Easteal, B Etain, DM Fergusson, HL Fisher, K Gawronski, D Glei, N Goldman, X Gonda, HJ Grabe, S Guillaume, A Hatzimanolis, C Holzman, AC Horton, J Horwood, JJ Hottenga, I Jaussent, C Jawahar, C Jennen-Steinmetz, EO Johnson, G Juhasz, M Kennedy, JR Kramer, M Lajnef, M Laucht, KJ Lester, K Little, Y Ma, L Mandelli, NG Martin, CM Middeldorp, M Munafò, M Nauck, E Nederhof, KW Nilsson, AJ Oldehinkel, C Olsson, J Ormel, C Otte, GC Patton, BWJH Penninx, P Petschner, WJ Peyrot, K Ritchie, M Sarchiapone, JM Scheid, C Schwahn, A Serretti, G Sinnamon, JH Smit, D Stacey, NC Stefanis, PG Surtees, Y Tian, C Toben, S Van der Auwera, S Villafuerte, H Völzke, N Wainwright, M Weinstein, M Whooley, G Willemsen, HM zu Schwabedissen.

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Culverhouse, R., Saccone, N., Horton, A. et al. Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression. Mol Psychiatry 23, 133–142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.44

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.44

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