¹Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Correspondence: Dr GG Nomikos, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center-DC0510, Indianapolis, 46285, IN, USA. E-mail: gnomikos@lilly.com

Received 29 March 2005; Revised 19 August 2005; Accepted 10 September 2005; Published online 18 October 2005.

Abstract

Atomoxetine has been approved by the FDA as the first new drug in 30 years for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As a selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitor and a nonstimulant, atomoxetine has a different mechanism of action from the stimulant drugs used up to now for the treatment of ADHD. Since brain acetylcholine (ACh) has been associated with memory, attention and motivation, processes dysregulated in ADHD, we investigated the effects of atomoxetine on cholinergic neurotransmission. We showed here that, in rats, atomoxetine (0.3–3 mg/kg, i.p.), – increases in vivo extracellular levels of ACh in cortical but not subcortical brain regions. The marked increase of cortical ACh induced by atomoxetine was dependent upon norepinephrine -1 and/or dopamine D1 receptor activation. We observed similar increases in cortical and hippocampal ACh release with methylphenidate (1 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) – currently the most commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of ADHD – and with the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor reboxetine (3–30 mg/kg, i.p.). Since drugs that increase cholinergic neurotransmission are used in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and dementias, we also investigated the effects of atomoxetine on memory tasks. We showed that, consistent with its cortical procholinergic and catecholamine-enhancing profile, atomoxetine (1–3 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated performance in the object recognition test and the radial arm-maze test.