Milestones timeline

• PDF of all Milestones (1,607KB)

• 1889

  • 1. Seed and soil hypothesis

• 1890

  • 2. Cancer as a genetic disease

• 1909

  • 3. Immune surveillance

• 1910

  • 4. Viruses and cancer

• 1915

  • 5. Hormones and cancer

• 1937

  • 1937

    6. Cancer stem cells

• 1939

  • 7. Angiogenesis

• 1950

  • 8. Smoking and cancer

• 1953

  • 9. Two-hit hypothesis

• 1960

  • 10. Chromosome translocations

• 1971

  • 11. Tumour suppressor genes

• 1972

  • 12. Apoptosis and cancer

• 1975

  • 13. Tumour microenvironment

• 1976

  • 14. Clonal evolution & multistep tumourigenesis

  • 15. Cellular homologues of viral oncogenes

• 1978

  • 16. Oncogenes encode proteins that regulate cell growth

• 1979

  • 17. First human oncogene

• 1983

  • 18. Oncogene co-operation

  • 19. Cancer epigenetics

• 1989

  • 20. Cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoints

• 1990

  • 21. Genetic basis for cancer predisposition

  • 22. Mechanisms of genetic instability in cancer

• 1999

  • 23. Cancer profiling

• 2001

  • 24. Targeted cancer therapy

• PDF of all Milestones (1,607KB)

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NPG resources

• Nature
• Nature Medicine
• Nature Reviews Cancer
• cancer@nature.com