Department of Nephrology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Nephrology, Hospital SAMS, Lisbon, Portugal

Correspondence: Dr Fernando Carrera, Department of Nephrology, Hospital SAMS, Rua Cidade de Gabela, 1, 1800-083 Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: nefrologiasams@mail.telepac.pt

¹This article is dedicated to the memory of Fernando Valderrábano, who, over the last decade, was involved in the study of renal anemia with the goal of achieving optimal care and improved quality of life for all patients with CKD.

Abstract

What should the optimal target hemoglobin be? Partial correction of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) improves anemia-related symptoms. However, controversy remains as to whether total correction of anemia provides benefits over and above those afforded by partial correction. There is some evidence showing that normalization of hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations may improve the cardiac hyperdynamic state in CKD patients and reduce the diameter of the left ventricle. Further studies have shown that normalization of Hb improves cognitive function and physical capacities as measured by quality of life (QoL) tests. Large studies have shown that in dialysis patients there is a close inverse relationship between hematocrit (Hct) levels and mortality and morbidity. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that Hct levels higher than those recommended by European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG) and the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome and Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI™) provide better outcomes for patients with CKD. However, when Hb concentrations are increased to normal in selected patients with cardiac disease, congestive heart failure, or ischemic cardiopathy, higher mortality rates are evident. Therefore, while the majority of patients with CKD may experience significant benefits when Hb is normalized, it seems prudent to recommend individualized target Hb concentrations for each patient, taking into account factors such as age, sex, employment status, physical activity, and co-morbidities.