Clinical Investigation

Kidney International (1995) 47, 186–192; doi:10.1038/ki.1995.22

Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy

Robert N Foley, Patrick S Parfrey, John D Harnett, Gloria M Kent, Christopher J Martin, David C Murray and Paul E Barre

Division of Nephrology, the Health Sciences Centre, St. John's, Memorial University, and Division of Nephrology, Salvation Army Grace General Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland; and Division of Nephrology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Correspondence: Dr Parfrey, Memorial University of Newfoundland, The Health Sciences Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B3V6.

Received 22 October 1993; Revised 17 June 1994; Accepted 17 June 1994.

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Abstract

Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a high cardiovascular mortality rate. Precise estimates of the prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of different manifestations of cardiac disease are unavailable. In this study a prospective cohort of 433 ESRD patients was followed from the start of ESRD therapy for a mean of 41 months. Baseline clinical assessment and echocardiography were performed on all patients. The major outcome measure was death while on dialysis therapy. Clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease were highly prevalent at the start of ESRD therapy: 14% had coronary artery disease, 19% angina pectoris, 31% cardiac failure, 7% dysrhythmia and 8% peripheral vascular disease. On echocardiography 15% had systolic dysfunction, 32% left ventricular dilatation and 74% left ventricular hypertrophy. The overall median survival time was 50 months. Age, diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease and systolic dysfunction independently predicted death in all time frames. Coronary artery disease was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with cardiac failure at baseline. High left ventricular cavity volume and mass index were independently associated with death after two years. The independent associations of the different echocardiographic abnormalities were: systolic dysfunction–older age and coronary artery disease; left ventricular dilatation–male gender, anemia, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia; left ventricular hypertrophy–older age, female gender, wide arterial pulse pressure, low blood urea and hypoalbuminemia. We conclude that clinical and echocardiographic cardiovascular disease are already present in a very high proportion of patients starting ESRD therapy and are independent mortality factors.

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