Laboratory Investigation

Kidney International (1992) 42, 61–68; doi:10.1038/ki.1992.261

Permeability of dialyzer membranes to TNFalpha-inducing substances derived from water bacteria

Gerhard Lonnemann, Tim C Behme, Benedikt Lenzner, Juergen Floege, Matthias Schulze, Clark K Colton, Karl M Koch and Stanley Shaldon

Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Nimes, France

Correspondence: Dr Gerhard Lonnemann, Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-3000 Hannover 61, Germany.

Received 4 December 1990; Revised 29 January 1992; Accepted 30 January 1992.

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Abstract

Permeability of dialyzer membranes to TNFalpha-inducing substances derived from water bacteria. Pro-inflammatory cytokine-inducing substances derived from cultured E. coli have previously been shown to pass across low-flux regenerated cellulosic dialyzer membranes. In the present study, a sterile filtrate of Pseudomonas maltophilia grown from standard bicarbonate dialysis fluid was used to test the permeability of various dialyzer membranes (regenerated cellulose, cellulose triacetate, polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone and polyamide) to TNFalpha-inducing bacterial substances. Pyrogen-free tissue culture medium (MEM) was recirculated for 60 minutes in the dialysate compartment of a closed-loop dialysis system, then P. maltophilia filtrate was added and recirculation was continued for a further hour. Samples from the dialysate (MEM) and the blood side (containing 10% human plasma in MEM) were incubated with donor mononuclear cells (MNC) for 18 hours and TNFalpha release was measured in MNC supernatants by radioimmunoassay. Five minutes after the addition of P. maltophilia filtrate, mean TNFalpha-inducing activity in the dialysate increased from (mean plusminus sem) 0.10 plusminus 0.02 to 18.2 plusminus 1.5 (ng/2.5 times 106 MNC/18 hr). TNFalpha-inducing activity in the blood side increased with regenerated cellulose from 0.10 plusminus 0.01 to 4.57 plusminus 1.55 (N = 8; P < 0.001); with cellulose triacetate from 0.20 plusminus 0.05 to 0.44 plusminus 0.10 (N = 5; P < 0.05), and with polyacrylonitrile from 0.10 plusminus 0.02 to 1.16 plusminus 0.45 (N = 5; P < 0.03). No increased TNFalpha-inducing activity was observed in the blood side of polysulfone (N = 5) or polyamide dialyzers (N = 5). Polymyxin B reduced dialysate TNFalpha-inducing activity by 40%, but had no effect on the TNFalpha-inducing activity of samples derived from the blood compartments. We conclude that the permeability of dialyzer membranes to cytokine-inducing substances derived from water bacteria is influenced by the physicochemical nature of the membrane rather than its pore size. Backfiltration was less than or equal to1.2 ml/min with all dialyzers, suggesting that the transport of cytokine-inducing substances was predominantly by diffusion. As the cytokine-inducing material passed through low-flux regenerated cellulose, our data suggest that the molecular weight of the material is less than 5 kD.

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