Renal Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition Symposium in Honor of Donald W. Seldin, M.D.

Kidney International (1990) 38, 612–617; doi:10.1038/ki.1990.250

Endothelial factors in the regulation of renin release

William B Campbell1 and William L Henrich1

1Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and department of Veterans Affairs Medical center, Dallas, Texas, USA

Correspondence: William L Henrich MD, Research Service (151), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4500 S. Lancaster Road, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA.

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Abstract

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the major hormonal systems involved in the long-term regulation of blood pressure. The release of renin is the rate limiting step in the activation of this system. As a result, it is important to understand the factors involved in the regulation of renin release to extend our knowledge of the role of this system in cardiovascular regulation. Extensive research has revealed that renin release may be affected by many local and circulating factors. Rather than review this vast literature, the reader is directed to several recent reviews of this topic [1–5]. This review focuses on the regulation of renin release by local factors that are formed by the endothelial cells of blood vessels and forwards the hypothesis that endothelial factors are important in the control of renin release.

Renin is synthesized and released from the juxtaglomerular cells [1, 5]. These cells are modified smooth muscle cells and are located in the media of the afferent arteriole. The endothelial cells which line the lumen of the afferent arteriole are in close anatomical proximity to the juxtaglomerular cells and may release local hormones which alter juxtaglomerular cell function. Specifically, in recent years, it has become apparent that endothelial cells release a number of vasoactive hormones, growth factors and other soluble mediators which may affect juxtaglomerular cells and renin release [6, 7]. Some of these factors include eicosanoids such as PGI2 and PGE2, endothelial derived relaxant factors (EDRF) which may include nitric oxide, endothelial-derived constrictor factors including endothelin, endothelial-derived growth factor, procoagulant factors, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor. Additionally, endothelial cells form a barrier between the blood and the renin secreting cells so circulating hormones must first interact with the endothelial cells before reaching the juxtaglomerular cells. This raises the possibility that the action of circulating hormones on renin release may be mediated by a direct action on the juxtaglomerular cell or through stimulation of an endothelial factor then affects renin release. Furthermore, several endothelial hormones as PGI2 and EDRF are released in response to stretch or shear stress [8, 9]. These hormones may function as the chemical mediators of the changes in renin release caused by these mechanical forces. Thus, the available information suggests that the endothelium may play a pivotal role in the regulation of renin release. Several of the endothelial-derived hormones with effects on renin are discussed in sequence below.

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