Editorial Review

Kidney International (1985) 28, 879–890; doi:10.1038/ki.1985.214

Complement and the direct mediation of immune glomerular injury: A new perspective

William G Couser1, Patricia J Baker1 and Stephen Adler1

1Seattle, Washington, USA

Correspondence: Dr W G Couser, Division of Nephrology RM-11, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA

Received 27 March 1985.

Top

References

  1. Bordet J: Sur le mode d'action des serums preventifs. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 10:193–219, 1896
  2. Lindemann W: Sur le mode d'action de certain poisons remains. Ann Inst Pasteur 14:49–59, 1900
  3. Hill AGS, Cruickshank B: Study of antigen components of kidney tissue. Br J Exp Pathol 34:27–34, 1953
  4. Mellors RC, Arias-Stella J, Siegel M, Pressman D: Analytical pathology. II. Histopathologic demonstration of glomerular-localizing antibodies in experimental glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 31:687–715, 1955
  5. Mellors RC, Ortega LG: Analytical pathology. III. New observations on the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis, lipid nephrosis, periarteritis nodosa and secondary amyloidosis in man. Am J Pathol 32:455–199, 1956 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  6. Burkholder PM: Complement fixation in diseased tissues. I. Fixation of guinea pig complement in sections of kidney from humans with membranous glomerulonephritis and rats injected with anti-rat kidney serum. J Exp Med 114:605–616, 1961 | Article |
  7. Freedman P, Markowitz AS: Immunologic studies in nephritis. Lancet 2:45–46, 1959 | Article |
  8. Lachmann PJ, Muller-Eberhard HJ, Kunkel HG, Paronetto F: The localization of in vivo bound complement in tissue sections. J Exp Med 115:63–89, 1962 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  9. Stelos P, Yagi Y, Pressman D: Localization properties of radioiodinated fragments of antirat-kidney antibody. J Immunol 87:106–109, 1961 | ISI | ChemPort |
  10. Hammer DK, Dixon FJ: Experimental glomerulonephritis. II. Immunologic events in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rat. J Exp Med 117:1019–1043, 1963 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  11. Unanue E, Dixon FJ: Experimental glomerulonephritis. IV. Participation of complement in nephrotoxic nephritis. J Exp Med 119:965–982, 1964 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  12. Cochrane CJ, Unanue ER, Dixon FJ: A role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and complement in nephrotoxic nephritis. J Exp Med 122:99–116, 1965 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  13. Cochrane CG, Weigle WO, Dixon FJ: The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the initiation and cessation of the Arthus vasculitis. J Exp Med 110:481–494, 1959 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  14. Ward PA, Cochrane CG, Muller-Eberhard HJ: The role of serum complement in chemotaxis of leukocytes in vitro. J Exp Med 122:327–346, 1965 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  15. Boyden S: The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 115:453–466, 1962 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  16. Cochrane CG: Mediation of immunologic glomerular injury. Transplant Proc 1:949–958, 1969
  17. Cochrane CG, Muller-Eberhard HJ, Aikin BS: Depletion of plasma complement in vivo by a protein of cobra venom: Its effect on various immunologic reactions. J Immunol 105:55–69, 1970 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  18. Henson PM, Cochrane CG: The effect of complement depletion on experimental tissue injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 256:426–440, 1975 | Article |
  19. Hunsicker LG: The role of complement in glomerulonephritis. Milit Med 140:614–618, 1975
  20. Muller-Eberhard HJ: The complement system and nephritis. Adv Nephrol 4:3–14, 1974
  21. Schreiber RD, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Complement and renal disease. Contemp Issues Nephrol 3:67–105, 1979
  22. Schifferli JA: Complement in Nephritis, in Glomerular Injury 300 Years After Morgagni edited by Bertani T, Remuzzi G, Milan, Wichtig Editore, 1983, pp 57–74
  23. Reid KBM: Proteins involved in the activation and control of the two pathways of human complement. Biochem Soc Trans 11:1–12, 1983 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  24. Minta JO, Movat HZ: The complement system and inflammation. Curr Top Pathol 68:135–178, 1979
  25. Lepow IH, Naft GB, Todd EW, Pensky J, Hinz CF: Chromatographic resolution of the first component of human complement into three activities. J Exp Med 117:983–1008, 1963 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  26. Augener W, Gray HM, Cooper NR, Muller-Eberhard HJ: The reaction of monomelic and aggregated immunoglobulins with C1. Immunochem 8:1011–1020, 1971 | Article |
  27. Borsos T, Rapp HJ: Complement fixation on cell surfaces by 19S and 7S antibodies. Science 150:505–506, 1965 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  28. Couser WG, Stilmant MM, Jermanovich NB: Complement-independent nephrotoxic nephritis in the guinea pig. Kidney Int 11:170–180, 1977 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  29. Mannik M: Pathophysiology of circulating immune complexes. Arthritis Rheum 25:783–787, 1982 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  30. Sakai K, Stroud RM: Purification, molecular properties and activation of C1 proesterase, C1s. J Immunol 110:1010–1020, 1973
  31. Schreiber RD, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Fourth component of human complement: Description of a three polypeptide chain structure. J Exp Med 140:1324–1335, 1974 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  32. Polley MJ, Muller-Eberhard HJ: The second component of human complement: its isolation, fragmentation by CI esterase, and incorporation into C3 convertase. J Exp Med 128:533–551, 1968 | Article |
  33. Shin HS, Pickering RJ, Mayer MM: The fifth component of the guinea pig complement system. II. Mechanism of SAC I, 4, 2, 3, 5b formation and C5 consumption by E AC I, 4, 2, 3. J Immunol 106:473–479, 1971 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  34. Ross GD, Lambris JD: Identification of a C3bi-specific membrane complement receptor that is expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and erythrocytes. J Exp Med 155:96–110, 1983 | Article |
  35. Lewis EJ: Patterns of circulating complement in renal diseases. Ann Rev Med 30:445–455, 1979 | Article |
  36. Wyatt RJ, McAdams AJ, Forristal J, Snyder J, West CD: Glomerular deposition of complement-control proteins in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 16:505–512, 1979 | PubMed |
  37. Baker PJ, Osofsky SG: Activation of human complement by heat-killed, human kidney cells grown in cell culture. J Immunol 124:81–86, 1980 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  38. Bartlow BG, Roberts JL, Lewis EJ: Nonimmunoglobulin C3 activating factor in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 15:294–302, 1979
  39. Fearon DT, Austen KF: Initiation of C3 cleavage in the alternative complement pathway. J Immunol 115:1357–1361, 1975 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  40. Fishelson Z, Pangburn MK, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Characterization of the initial C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of human complement. J Immunol 132:1430–1434, 1984 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  41. Whaley K, Ruddy S: Modulation of the alternative complement pathway by betaIH globulin. J Exp Med 144:1147–1163, 1976 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  42. Fearon DT: Purification of C3b inactivator and demonstration of its two polypeptide chain structure. J Immunol 119:1248–1252, 1977 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  43. Kazatchkine MD, Fearon DT, Austen KF: Human alternative pathway: Membrane associated sialic acid regulates the competition between B + betaIH for cell-bound C3b. J Immunol 122:75–81, 1979 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  44. Lesavre PH, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Mechanism of action of factor D of the alternative complement pathway. J Exp Med 148:1498–1509, 1978 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  45. Vogel CW, Smith CA, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Cobra venom factor: structural homology with the third component of human complement. J Immunol 133:3235–3241, 1984
  46. Fearon DT, Austen KF: Properdin: Initiation of alternative complement pathway. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 72:3220–3224, 1975 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  47. Davis AE, Ziegler JB, Gelfand EW, Rosen FS, Alper CA: Heterogeneity of nephritic factor and its identification as an immunoglobulin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 74:3980–3983, 1977 | Article |
  48. Scott DM, Amos N, Sissons JGP, Lachmann PJ, Peters DK: The immunoglobulin nature of nephritic factor (Nef). Clin Exp Immunol 32:12–24, 1978
  49. Halbwachs L, Leveille M, Lesavre P, Wattel S, Leibowitch J: Nephritic factor of the classical pathway of complement. Immunoglobulin G autoantibody directed against the classical pathway C3 convertase enzyme. J Clin Invest 65:1249–1256, 1980
  50. Daha MR, Fearon DT, Austen KF: C3 requirements for formation of alternative pathway C5 convertase. J Immunol 117:630–634, 1976 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  51. Miyazaki R, Kuroda M, Akiyama T, Otani R, Tofuku Y, Takeda R: Glomerular deposition and serum levels of complement control proteins in patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 21:335–340, 1984
  52. Biesecker G: Biology of Disease. Membrane attack complex of complement as a pathologic mediator. Lab Invest 49:237–249, 1983 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  53. Podack ER, Tschopp J: Membrane attack by complement. Mol Immunol 21:589–603, 1984 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  54. Yamamoto K, Gewurz H: The complex of C5b and C6: isolation, characterization and identification of a modified form of C5b consisting of three polypeptide chains. J Immunol 120:2008–2015, 1978
  55. Podack ER, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Binding of desoxycholate, phosphatidylcholine vesicles, lipoprotein and of the S-protein to complexes of terminal complement components. J Immunol 121:1025–1030, 1978 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  56. Kolb WP, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Mode of action of human C9: Adsorbtion of multiple C9 molecules to cell-bound C8. J Immunol 113:479–488, 1974
  57. Praz F, Halbwachs L, Lesavre P: Genetic aspects of complement and glomerulonephritis. Adv Nephol 13:271–296, 1984
  58. Feldbush TL, Hobbs MV, Severson CD, Ballas ZK, Weiler JM: Role of complement in the immune response. Fed Proc 43:2548–2552, 1984
  59. Hong K, Takata Y, Sayama K, Kozono H, Takeda J, Nakano Y, Kinoshita T, Iuoue K: Inhibition of immune precipitation by complement. J Immunol 133:1464–1470, 1984
  60. Cornacoff JB, Hebert LA, Smead WL, VanAman ME, Birmingham DJ, Waxman FJ: Primate erythrocyte immune complex clearing mechanisms. J Clin Invest 71:236–247, 1983 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  61. Waxman FJ, Hebert LA, Cornacoff JB, VanAman ME, Smead WL, Kraut EH, Birmingham DJ, Taguiam JM: Complement depletion accelerates the clearance of immune complexes from the circulation of primates. J Clin Invest 74:1329–1340, 1984 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  62. Barnes JL, Venkatachalam MA: Enhancement of glomerular immune complex deposition by circulating poly cation. J Exp Med 160:286–293, 1984 | Article |
  63. McCluskey RT: Modification of glomerular immune complex deposits (editorial). Lab Invest 48:241–244, 1983
  64. Bartolotti SR, Peters DK: Delayed removal of renal-bound antigen in decomplemented rabbits with acute serum sickness. Clin Exp Immunol 32:199–206, 1978
  65. Schifferli JA, Morris SM, Dash A, Peters DK: Complement mediated solubilization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis or vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 46:557–564, 1981 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  66. Couser WG, Salant DJ: Immunopathogenesis of glomerular capillary wall injury in nephrotic states. Contemp Issues Nephrol 9:47–83, 1982
  67. Kuhn K, Ryan GB, Hein SJ, Galaske RG, Karnovasky MJ: An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of proteinuria in rat nephrotoxic nephritis. Lab Invest 36:375–387, 1977 | PubMed |
  68. Gang NF, Trachtenberg E, Allerhand J, Kalant N, Mautner W: Nephrotoxic serum nephritis. III. Correlation of proteinuria, excretion of the glomerular basement membrane-like protein, and changes in the ultrastructure of the glomerular basement membrane as visualized with lanthanum. Lab Invest 23:436–441, 1970
  69. Hawkins D, Cochrane CG: Glomerular basement membrane damage in immunological glomerulonephritis. Immunology 14:665–681, 1968 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  70. Henson PM: Pathologic mechanisms in neutrophil-mediated injury. Am J Pathol 68:593–612, 1972 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  71. Cochrane CG: Immunologic tissue injury mediated by neutrophilic leukocytes. Adv Immunol 9:97–162, 1968
  72. Salant DJ, Adler S, Darby C, Capparell NJ, Groggel GC, Feintzeig JD, Rennke HG, Dittmer JE: Influence of antigen distribution on the mediation of immunologic glomerular injury. Kidney Int 27:938–950, 1985 | Article |
  73. Rehan A, Johnson KJ, Wiggins RC, Kunkel RG, Ward PA: Evidence for the role of oxygen radicals in acute nephrotoxic nephritis. Lab Invest 51:396–403, 1984 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  74. Naish PF, Thomson NM, Simpson IJ, Peters DK: The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 22:102–109, 1975 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  75. Sindrey M, Naish P: The mediation of the localization of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in glomeruli during the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 35:350–355, 1979 | PubMed |
  76. Schreiner GF, Cotran RS, Pardo V, Unanue ER: A mononuclear cell component in experimental immunological glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 147:369–384, 1978 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  77. Holdsworth SR, Neale TJ, Wilson C: Abrogation of macro-phage-dependent injury in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rabbit. Use of anti-macrophage serum. J Clin Invest 68:686–696, 1981 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  78. Holdsworth SR: Fc dependence of macrophage accumulation and subsequent injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 130:735–739, 1983 | PubMed |
  79. Tipping PG, Neale TJ, Holdsworth SR: T cell-macrophage interaction in antibody induced experimental glomerulonephritis (abstract). Abstr VIVth Int Congr Nephrol, Los Angeles, 264A, 1984
  80. Arnaout MA, Rennke HG, Cotran RS: Membranous glomerulonephritis. Contemp Issues Nephrol 9:199–235, 1982
  81. Couser WG, Stilmant MM, Darby C: Autologous immune complex nephropathy. I. Sequential study of immune complex deposition, ultrastructural changes, proteinuria and alterations in glomerular sialoprotein. Lab Invest 34:23–30, 1976
  82. Feenstra K, Lee RVD, Greben HA, Arends A, Hoedemeaker Ph J: Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. I. The natural history: A histologic and immunohistologic study at the light microscopic and the ultrastructural level. Lab Invest 32:235–242, 1975 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  83. Van Damme BJC, Fleuren GJ, Bakker WW, Vernier RL, Hoedemaeker Ph J: Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens: V. Fixed glomerular antigens in the pathogenesis of heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis. Lab Invest 38:502–510, 1978
  84. Couser WG, Steinmuller DR, Stilmant MM, Salant DJ, Lowenstein LM: Experimental glomerulonephritis in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Clin Invest 62:1275–1287, 1978 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  85. Edington TS, Glassock RJ, Dixon FJ: Autologous immune complex pathogenesis of experimental allergic glomerulonephritis. Science 155:1432–1434, 1967 | Article |
  86. Kerjaschki D, Farquhar MG: Immunocytochemical localization of the Heymann nephritis antigen (GP330) in glomerular epithelial cells of normal Lewis rats. J Exp Med 157:667–686, 1983 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  87. Camussi G, Brentjens JR, Kerjaschki D, Malavasi F, Noble B, Roholt OA, Farquhar MG, Andres G: Antibody-induced redistribution of Heymann's antigen on the surface of visceral glomerular epithelial cells in Lewis rats (abstract). Kidney Int 27:207, 1985
  88. Matsuo S, Caldwell PRB, Brentjens JR, Andres G: "In vivo" interaction of antibodies with cell surface antigens: A mechanism responsible for "in situ" formation of immune deposits in the zona pellucida of rabbit oocytes. J Clin Invest 75:1369–1380, 1985
  89. Salant DJ, Darby C, Couser WG: Experimental membranous glomerulonephritis in rats. Quantitative studies of glomerular immune deposit formation in isolated glomeruli and whole animals. J Clin Invest 66:71–81, 1980 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  90. Salant DJ, Belok S, Madaio MP, Couser WG: A new role for complement in experimental membranous nephropathy in rats. J Clin Invest 66:1339–1350, 1980 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  91. Adler S, Salant DJ, Dittmer JE, Rennke HG, Madaio MP, Couser WG: Mediation of proteinuria in membranous nephropathy due to a planted glomerular antigen. Kidney Int 23:807–815, 1983
  92. Groggel GC, Adler S, Rennke HG, Couser WG, Salant DJ: Role of the terminal complement pathway in experimental membranous nephropathy in the rabbit. J Clin Invest 72:1948–1957, 1983 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  93. Snyderman R, Phillips J, Mergenhagen SE: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic activity in rabbit serum and guinea pig serum treated with immune complexes: Evidence for C5a as the major chemotactic factor. Infect Immun 1:521–525, 1970
  94. Border WA, Ward HJ, Kamil ES, Cohen AH: Induction of membranous nephropathy in rabbits by administration of an exogenous cationic antigen: Demonstration of a pathogenic role for electrical charge. J Clin Invest 69:451–461, 1982
  95. Parra G, Takekoshi Y, Vernier RL: Association of localization of poly C9 with proteinuria and local loss of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane in acute serum sickness nephritis (abstract). Kidney Int 27:219, 1985
  96. Baker PJ, Ochi R, Adler S, Johnson RJ, Couser WG: C6 depletion abolishes proteinuria in experimental membranous nephropathy (abstract). Clin Res 33:475A, 1985
  97. Groggel GC, Salant DJ, Darby C, Rennke HG, Couser WG: Role of the terminal complement pathway in the heterologous phase of anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis in the rabbit. Kidney Int 27:643–651, 1985 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  98. Blantz RC, Tucker BJ, Wilson CB: The acute effects of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody upon glomerular filtration in the rat. The influence of dose and complement depletion. J Clin Invest 61:910–921, 1978
  99. Peyalo JC, Chenoweth D, Blantz RC: Effect of the anaphylatoxin C5a on glomerular hemodynamics (abstract). Clin Res 12:134A, 1984
  100. Koffler D, Biesecker G, Noble B, Andres GA, Martinez-Hernandez A: Localization of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 157:1885–1905, 1983 | Article |
  101. Gotze O, Muller-Eberhard HJ: Lysis of erythrocytes by complement in the absence of antibody. J Exp Med 132:898–915, 1970 | Article | PubMed |
  102. Adler S, Baker PJ, Pritzl P, Couser WG: Detection of terminal complement components in experimental immune glomerular injury. Kidney Int 26:830–837, 1984 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  103. Perkinson DT, Baker PJ, Couser WG, Johnson RJ, Adler S: Membrane attack complex deposition in experimental glomerular injury. Am J Pathol 120:121–128, 1985 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  104. Neale TJ, Couser WG, Salant DJ, Lowenstein LM, Wilson CB: Specific uptake of Heymann's nephritic kidney eluate by rat kidney. Studies in vivo and in isolated perfused kidneys. Lab Invest 46:450–453, 1982
  105. Biesecker G, Noble B, Andres GA, Koffler D: Immunopathogenesis of Heymann's nephritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 33:333–338, 1984 | Article |
  106. de Heer E, Daha MR, Bhakdi S, Bazin H, van Es LA: Possible involvement of terminal complement complex in active Heymann nephritis. Kidney Int 22:388–393, 1985
  107. Adler S, Striker L, Striker G, Perkinson D, Hibbert J, Couser W: Mechanisms of progressive glomerular sclerosis in the rat (abstract). Kidney Int 27:204, 1985
  108. Falk RJ, Dalmasso AP, Kim Y, Tsai CH, Scheinman JI, Gewurz H, Michael AF: Neoantigen of the polymerized ninth component of complement. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical localization in renal disease. J Clin Invest 72:560–573, 1983 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  109. Rauterberg EW, Gehrig T, Lieberknecht M: C5-9 neoantigen detection indicates a complete complement activation in various types of glomerulonephritis (abstract). Mol Immunol 19:1398, 1982 | Article |
  110. Mariot A, Bene MC, Hurault de Ligny B, Faure G, Martin JM, Kessler M, Duheille J: C9 deposits in renal tissue (letter). Nephron 37:69, 1984
  111. Kazatchkine MD, Bhakdi S, Hinglais N, Bariety J: Presence of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex in distal arteries of normal and diseased human kidneys (abstract). Immunobiol 164:262, 1983
  112. Hinglais N, Kazatchkine MD, Bhakdi S, Appay MD, Mandet C, Grossetete J, Bariety J: Immunohistochemical study of the C5b-9 complex of complement in normal and diseased human kidneys: Diversity in localization and potential in tissue damage. Kidney Int, 1986, in press
  113. Falk RJ, Dalmasso AP, Kim Y, Lam S, Michael AF: Radioimmunoassay of the attack complex of complement in sera of patients with glomerulonephritis (abstract). Clin Res 32:503A, 1984
  114. Baker PJ, Adler S, Yang Y, Couser WG: Complement activation by heat-killed human kidney cells: Formation, activity and stabilization of cell bound C3 convertases. J Immunol 133:877–881, 1984
  115. Biesecker G, Katz S, Koffler D: Renal localization of the membrane attack complex in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. J Exp Med 154:1779–1794, 1981 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  116. Parra G, Platt JL, Falk RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Michael AF: Cell populations and membrane attack complex in glomeruli of patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Identification using monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 33:324–332, 1984 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  117. Rosenfeld SI, Kelly ME, Leddy JP: Hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement in man. J Clin Invest 57:1626–1634, 1976 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  118. Coleman TH, Forristal J, West CD: Hereditary C6 deficiency in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type I (abstract). PedRes 13:446, 1979
  119. Nemerow GR, Gewurz H, Osofsky SG, Lint TF: Inherited deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with nephritis. J Clin Invest 61:1602–1610, 1978
  120. Zeitz HJ, Miller GW, Lint TF, Ali MA, Gewurz H: Deficiency of C7 with systemic lupus erythematosus. Solubilization of immune complexes in complement-deficient sera. Arthritis Rheum 24:87–93, 1981 | Article |
  121. Loirat C, Buriot D, Peltier AP, Birche P, Aujard Y, Griscelli C, Mathiew H: Fulminant meningococcemia in child with hereditary deficiency of the seventh component of complement and proteinuria. Acta Paediatr Scand 69:553–557, 1980
  122. Jasin HE: Absence of the eighth component of complement in association with systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. J Clin Invest 60:709–715, 1977
  123. Biesecker G, Lavin L, Ziskind M, Koffler D: Cutaneous localization of the membrane attack complex in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 306:264–270, 1982 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  124. Lennon VA, Seybold ME, Lindstrom JM, Cochrane C, Ulevitch R: Role of complement in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Exp Med 145:973–983, 1977
  125. Sahashi K, Engel AG, Lambert EH and Howard FM: Ultrastructural localization of the terminal and lytic ninth complement component (C9) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39:160–172, 1980 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  126. Johnson KJ, Wilson BS, Till GO, Ward PA: Acute lung injury in rat caused by immunoglobulin A immune complexes. J Clin Invest 74:358–369, 1984
  127. Forbes RDC, Guttman RD, Kuramochi T, Klassen J, Knaack J: Nonessential role of neutrophils as mediators of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. Lab Invest 34:229–234, 1976
  128. Forbes RDC, Pinto-Blonde M, Guttmann RD: The effect of anticomplementary cobra venom factor on hyperacute rat cardiac allograft rejection. Lab Invest 39:463–470, 1978
  129. Kanwar YS: Biology of Disease. Biophysiology of glomerular filtration and proteinuria. Lab Invest 51:7–21, 1984 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  130. Rennke HG, Olson JL, Venkatachalam MA: Glomerular filtration of macromolecules: Normal mechanisms and the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Contrib Nephrol 24:30–41, 1981 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  131. Deen M, Satvat B: Determinants of the glomerular filtration of proteins. Am J Physiol 24l (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 10):F162–F170, 1981
  132. Boher MP, Deen WM, Robertson CR, Brenner BM: Mechanism of angiotensin II-induced proteinuria in the rat. Am J Physiol 233:F13–F21, 1977
  133. Kopp WC, Burrell R: Evidence for antibody-dependent binding of the terminal complement component to alveolar basement membrane. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 23:10–21, 1982 | Article |
  134. Williams JV, Czop JK, Abrahamson DR, Davies M, Austen KF: Activation of the alternative complement pathway by isolated human glomerular basement membrane. J Immunol 133:394–399, 1984
  135. Couser WG, Darby C, Salant DJ, Adler S, Stilmant MM, Lowenstein LM: Anti-GBM antibody induced proteinuria in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Am J Physiol 249:F241–F250, 1985 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  136. Hansch GM, Seitz M, Martinotti G, Betz M, Rauterberg EW, Gemsa D: Macrophages release arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane in response to late complement components. J Immunol 133:2145–2150, 1984
  137. Matsuo S, Caldwell P, Brentjens J, Andres G: Nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis induced in the rabbit by anti-endothelial antibodies (abstract). Kidney Int 27:217, 1985
  138. Silva FG, Hoyer JR, Pirani CL: Sequential studies of glomerular crescent formation in rats with antiglomerular basement-membrane-induced glomerulonephritis and the role of coagulation factors. Lab Invest 51:409–415, 1984
  139. Schnecberger EE, Grupe WE: The ultrastructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in autologous immune complex nephritis. Lab Invest 34:298–305, 1976
  140. Kanwar YS, Rosenzweig LJ: Altered glomerular permeability as a result of focal detachment of the visceral epithelium. Kidney Int 21:565–574, 1982 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  141. Mayor MM, Michaels DW, Ramm LE, Whitlow MB, Willoughby JB, Shin ML: Membrane damage by complement. CRC Critical Rev Immunol 7:133–165, 1981
  142. Polley MJ, Nachman RL, Weksler BB: Human complement in the arachidonic acid transformation pathway in platelets. J Exp Med 153:257–268, 1981 | Article |
  143. Lovett D, Hansch G, Resch K, Gemsa D: Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MC) by terminal complement components: stimulation of prostanoid and interleukin 1 (I1-1)-like factor release (abstract). Immunobiol 168:34–35, 1984
  144. Adler S, Baker PJ, Johnson RJ, Ochi RF, Couser WG: Membrane attack complex (C5b-9) stimulates production of reactive oxygen species by rat mesangial cells (abstract) Clin Res 33:474A, 1985
  145. Rosen GM, Freeman BA: Detection of superoxide generated by endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:7269–7273, 1984 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  146. Klein DJ, Dehnel PJ, Oegema TR, Brown DM: Alterations in proteoglycan metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome induced by the aminonucleoside of puromycin. Lab Invest 50:543–551, 1984
  147. Kanwar YS, Jakubowski ML: Unaltered anionic sites of glomerular basement membrane in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Kidney Int 25:613–618, 1984
  148. Groggel GC, Border WA, Hoving P, Linker A: Changes in glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate in experimental membranous nephropathy (abstract). Kidney Int 27:212, 1985

Extra navigation

.
ADVERTISEMENT