Kidney International (1985) 27, 652–661; doi:10.1038/ki.1985.60
Effect of cortical-medullary gradient for ammonia on urinary excretion of ammonia
Leonard Stern1, Karen A Backman1 and John P Hayslett1
1Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Correspondence: Dr J Hayslett, Department of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
Received 22 February 1984; Revised 22 October 1984.
Top of pageAbstract
Effect of cortical-medullary gradient for ammonia on urinary excretion of ammonia. Previous studies suggested that a portion of ammonia secreted into the proximal tubule may diffuse directly from Henle's loop into the medullary collecting duct. Since water is absorbed along the course of the descending portion of the loop, it was proposed that the concentration of ammonia increased in loop fluid, and that rapid diffusibility of the free base would facilitate the delivery of ammonia into medullary interstitium where a high level could be maintained by the countercurrent exchange process. In this schema it was proposed that there was an ammonia concentration gradient between medullary structures and cortex, and recovery of ammonia by the medullary collecting duct due to the low pH in tubule fluid at that site. The present study was designed to evaluate this hypothesis by estimating ammonia concentrations in medullary and cortical tissue, and by correlating medullary levels with secretion rate into the inner medullary collecting duct. In control animals the concentration of total ammonia (NH4+ + NH3+) in inner medullary vasa recta was 9.2
1.5
moles/ml, a level 100-fold higher than the cortical level of 0.10
0.01. During acute acidosis the medullary level rose to 22.5
2.7
moles/ml, but in acute acidosis during mannitol infusion the level fell to 8.0
1.2. The rate of ammonia secretion into inner medullary collecting duct fluid correlated directly with medullary vasa recta ammonia concentration. These data provide evidence for a steep ammonia concentration gradient between the medulla and cortex, and suggest that the diffusion gradient across collecting duct epithelium governs the rate of the addition of ammonia to collecting duct fluid.
Effet du gradient cortico-médulaire d'ammoniaque sur l'excrétion urinaire d'ammoniaque. Des études antérieures ont suggéré qu'une partie de l'ammoniaque sécrété dans le tubule proximal pourrait diffuser directement de l'anse de Henlé jusqu'au canal collecteur médullaire. Puisque de l'eau est réabsorbée le long de la partie descendante de l'anse, on a proposé que la concentration d'ammoniaque augmenterait dans le liquide de l'anse, et que la diffusibilité rapide de la base libre pourrait faciliter l'apport d'ammoniaque dans l'interstitium médullaire où son niveau élevé pourrait être maintenu par le processus d'échange à contre-courant. Dans ce schéma, il a été proposé qu'il y avait un gradient de concentration d'ammoniaque entre les structures médullaires et le cortex et une récupération de l'ammoniaque par le canal collecteur médullaire en raison du faible pH du liquide tubulaire à ce niveau. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer cette hypothèse en estimant les concentrations d'ammoniaque dans le tissu médullaire et cortical, et en corrélant les niveaux médullaires avec la vitesse de sécrétion dans le canal collecteur médullaire interne. Chez les animaux contrôles, la concentration d'ammoniaque total (NH4+ + NH3+) dans les vasa recta médullaires internes était de 9,2
1,5
moles/ml, une valeur 1 000 fois plus élevée que le niveau cortical de 0,10
0.01. Pendant une acidose aiguë, le niveau médullaire s'élevait à 22,5
2,7
moles/ml, mais en acidose aiguë au cours d'une perfusion de mannitol, le niveau chutait à 8,0
1,2. La vitesse de sécrétion d'ammoniaque dans le liquide du canal collecteur médullaire interne était directement corrélée avec la concentration d'ammoniaque dans les vasa recta médullaires. Ces données apportent la preuve d'un fort gradient de concentration d'ammoniaque entre la médullaire et le cortex, et suggèrent que le gradient de diffusion à travers l'épithélium du canal collecteur gouverne la vitesse d'addition de l'ammoniaque au liquide du canal collecteur.
Top of pageReferences
- Hayes CP, Mayson JS, Owens EE, Robinson RR: A micro-puncture evaluation of renal ammonia excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 207:77–83, 1964
- Sajo IM, Goldstein MB, Sonneberg H, Stinebaugh BJ, Wilson DR, Halperin ML: Sites of ammonia addition to tubular fluid in rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int 20:353–358, 1981
- Balagura S, Pitts RF: Excretion of ammonia injected into renal artery. Am J Physiol 203:11–14, 1962
- Graber ML, Bengele HH, Mroz E, Lechene C, Alexander EA: Acute metabolic acidosis augments collecting duct acidification rate in the rat. Am J Physiol 241:F669–F676, 1981
- Pitts RF: Renal production and excretion of ammonia. Am J Med 36:720–742, 1964
- Schon DA, Backman KA, Hayslett JP: Role of the medullary collecting duct in potassium excretion in potassium-adapted animals. Kidney Int 20:655–662, 1981
- Glabman S, Klose RM, Giebisch G: Micropuncture study of ammonia excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 205:127–132, 1963
- Seligson D, Hirahara K: The measurement of ammonia in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma. J Lab Clin Med 49:962–974, 1957 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Maclean AJ, Hayslett JP: Adaptive change in ammonia excretion in renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 17:595–606, 1980
- Denis G, Preuss H, Pitts R: The PNH3 of renal tubular cells. J Clin Invest 43:571–582, 1964 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Sonnenberg H: Medullary collecting-duct function in antidiuretic and in salt- or water-diuretic rats. Am J Physiol 226:501–506, 1974
- Buerkert J, Martin D, Trigg D: Ammonia handling by superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in the rat: evidence for an ammonia shunt between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. J Clin Invest 70:1–12, 1982 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Robinson RR, Owen EE: Intrarenal distribution of ammonia during diuresis and antidiuresis. Am J Physiol 208:1129–1134, 1965
- DuBose TD, Hogg RJ, Pucacco LR, Lucci MS, Carter NW, Kokko JP: Comparison of acidification parameters in superficial and deep nephrons of the rat. Am J Physiol 244:F497–F503, 1983
- Buerkert J, Martin D, Trigg D: Segmental analysis of the renal tubule in buffer production and net acid formation. Am J Physiol 244:F442–F454, 1983 | PubMed | ChemPort |
- Hamm L, Trigg D, Martin D, Proskey C, Buerkert J: Ammonia transport in isolated perfused tubules (abstract). Kidney Int 25:276, 1984
- Davidson JSD, Jennings DB: Measurement of total ammonia levels in plasma, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs using an ion-specific electrode. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 58:550–556, 1980
- Chuang EL, Reineck HJ, Osgood RW, Kunau RT, Stein JH: Studies on the mechanism of reduced urinary osmolality after exposure of the renal papilla. J Clin Invest 61:633–639, 1978
- Sonnenberg H, Cheema-Dhadli S, Goldstein MB, Stinebaugh BJ, Wilson DR, Halperin ML: Ammonia addition into the medullary collecting duct of the rat. Kidney Int 19:281–287, 1981
- Buerkert J, Martin D, Prasad J, Trigg D: Role of deep nephrons and the terminal collecting duct in a rnannitol-induced diuresis. Am J Physiol 240:F411–F422, 1981 | PubMed |
- Leonard E, Orloff J: Regulation of ammonia excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 182:131–138, 1955
- Goldstein L, Claiborne JB, Evans DE: Ammonia excretion by the gills of two marine teleost fish: The importance of NH4+permeance. J Exper Zoo 219:395–397, 1982
- Orloff J, Berliner RW: The mechanism of the excretion of ammonia in the dog. J Clin Invest 35:223–235, 1956 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Battle DC, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis associated with obstructive uropathy. New Eng J Med 304:373–380, 1981
- DeFronzo RA, Taufield PA, Black H, McPhedran P, Cooke CR: Impaired renal tubular potassium secretion in sickle cell disease. Arch Int Med 90:310–316, 1979
- Finkelstein FO, Hayslett JP: Role of medullary structures in the functional adaptation of renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 6:419–425, 1974