Editorial Review

Kidney International (1984) 25, 857–868; doi:10.1038/ki.1984.102

Contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the control of intrarenal hemodynamics

L Gabriel Navar1 and La dotszlo dot Rosivall1

1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama

Correspondence: Dr L G Navar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama in Birmingham, University Station, 727 CDLD Building, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA

Received 16 March 1983; Revised 17 August 1983.

Top

Abstract

Intensive investigative efforts probing the many characteristics and potential functions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have resulted in an exponentially expanding literature. In this editorial, we focus on the renal hemodynamic influences exerted by the RAS as a local regulatory mechanism. Indeed, local control was one initial function ascribed to the RAS by early investigators in this area. Because of its unique structure, the juxtaglomerular apparatus, now known to be the major site of renin formation, intrigued morphologists. It was postulated that the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus could control blood flow through the glomerulus by swelling and shrinking the afferent arteriolar lumen [1]. The unique juxtaposition of the macula densa cells of the early distal tubule to the glomerular arterioles also suggested mechanisms linking the function of the tubules with that of the arterioles [2–4]. Goormaghtigh [5] proposed an endocrine function for the juxtaglomerular apparatus and demonstrated uncanny insight in postulating the release of an agent by this structure that could activate or form a vasoactive substance which, in turn, influenced local vascular tone. Although some investigators continued to support the notion that local control was a major function of the RAS [6–8], the major areas of investigation in this field were oriented toward non-renal functions of the system such as in the control of aldosterone release, the regulation of systemic cardiovascular function, and the pathophysiology of hypertension [9]. Recent investigations, however, have renewed enthusiasm regarding the possibility that locally formed angiotensin II (All) may participate as an important modulator of renal vascular tone.

Top

References

  1. Ruyter JHC: Uber einen merkwurdigen Abschnitt der Vasa afferentia in der Mauseniere. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 2:242–248, 1925
  2. Zimmermann KW: Uber den Bau des Glomerulus der Saugenniere. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 32:176–278, 1933
  3. Goormaghtigh N: L'appareil neuro-myo-arteriel juxtaglomerular du rein; ses reactions en pathologie et ses rapports avec le tube urinifere. Compt Rend Soc de Biol 124:293–296, 1937
  4. Schloss G: Der regulationsapparat am Gefasspol des Nierenkor-perchens in der normalen menschlichen Niere. Acta Anat (Basel) 1:365–410, 1945–1946
  5. Goormaghtigh N: Facts in favour of an endocrine function of the renal arterioles. J Path Bact 57:392–393, 1945
  6. Thurau K, Mason J: The intrarenal function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, in Kidney and Urinary Tract Physiology, MTP International Review of Science: Physiology, Series 6, edited by Thurau K, Baltimore, University Park Press, 1974, vol 1, pp 357–389
  7. Leyssac PP: The renin angiotensin system and kidney function—a review of contributions to a new theory. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl] 442:52, 1976
  8. Schmid HE Jr: Renin, a physiologic regulator of renal hemodynamics? Circ Res 11:185–193, 1962
  9. Page IH, Bumpus FM (eds): Angiotensin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, pp 591
  10. Davis JO, Freeman RH: Mechanisms regulating renin release. Physiol Rev 56:1–56, 1976 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  11. Ploth DW, Navar LG: Intrarenal effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Fed Proc 38:2280–2285, 1979
  12. Taugner R, Hackenthal E, Helmchen U, Ganten D, Kugler P, Marin-Grez M, Nobiling R, Unger T, Lockwald I, Keilbach R: The intrarenal renin-angiotensin-system: an immunocytochemical study on the localization of renin, angiotensinogen, converting enzyme and the angiotensins in the kidney of mouse and rat. Klin Wochenschr 60:1218–1222, 1982
  13. Morgan T, Gilles A: Factors controlling the release of renin: a micropuncture study in the cat. Pfluegers Arch 368:13–18, 1977
  14. Morgan T, Davis JM: Renin secretion at the individual nephron level. Pfluegers Arch 359:23–31, 1975
  15. Bailie MD, Rector FC Jr, Seldin DW: Angiotensin II in arterial and renal venous plasma and renal lymph in the dog. J Clin Invest 50:119–126, 1971
  16. O'Morchoe CC, O'Morchoe PJ, Albertine KH, Jarosz HM: Concentration of renin in the renal interstitium, as reflected in lymph. Renal Physiol 4:199–206, 1981
  17. Mendelsohn FAO: Evidence for the local occurrence of angiotensin II in rat kidney and its modulation by dietary sodium intake and converting enzyme blockade. Clin Sci 57:173–179, 1979
  18. Celio MR, Inagami T: Angiotensin II immunoreactivity coexists with renin in the juxtaglomerular granular cells of the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3897–3900, 1981 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  19. Brooks VL, Brownfield MS, Reid IA: Measurement and localization of angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in juxtaglomerular cells of the rat. Regul Pept 4:317–324, 1982
  20. Granger P, Dahlheim M, Thurau K: Renin-angiotensinaseund converting enzym-Bestimmungen an einzelnen mikrodissezierten juxtaglomerularen Apparaten und Teilen des Nephrons. Pfluegers Arch 312:R87–R88, 1969
  21. Caldwell PRB, Seegal BC, Hsu KC: Angiotensin converting enzyme: vascular endothelial localization. Science 191:1050–1051, 1976 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  22. Erdos EG: The angiotensin I converting enzyme. Fed Proc 36:1760–1765, 1977
  23. Naruse K, Inagami T, Celio MR, Workman RJ, Takii Y: Immunohistochemical evidence that angiotensins I and II are formed by intracellular mechanism in juxtaglomerular cells. Hypertension (suppl II) 4:70–74, 1982
  24. Taugner R, Marin-Grez M, Keilbach R, Hackenthal E, Nobiling R: Immunoreactive renin and angiotensin II in the afferent glomerular arterioles of rats with hypertension due to unilateral renal artery constriction. Histochemistry 76:61–69, 1982
  25. Rightsel WA, Okamura T, Inagami T, Pitcock JA, Takii Y, Brooks B, Brown P, Muirhead EE: Juxtaglomerular cells grown as monolayer cell culture contain renin, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, and angiotensins I and II/III. Circ Res 50:822–829, 1982
  26. Ryan JW, Ryan US: Humoral control of arterial blood pressure: a role for the lung? Cardiovasc Med 3:531–537, 1978
  27. Szidon P, Bairey N, Oparil S: Effect of acute hypoxia on the pulmonary conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in dogs. Circ Res 46:221–226, 1980
  28. Ng KKF, Vane JR: Fate of angiotensin I in the circulation. Nature 218:144–150, 1968 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  29. Navar LG, Langford HG: Effects of angiotensin on the renal circulation, in Angiotensin (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology), edited by Page IH, Bumpus FM, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, vol 37, pp 455–474
  30. Waite MA: Measurement of concentrations of angiotensin I in human blood by radioimmunoassay. Clin Sci Mol Med 45:51–64, 1973
  31. Boyd GW, Peart WS: Angiotensin immunoassay, in Angiotensin (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology), edited by Page IH, Bumpus FM, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, vol 37, pp 211–226
  32. Abe Y, Okahara T, Kishimoto T, Yamamoto K: Intrarenal role of renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics. Jpn J Pharmacol 29:325–333, 1979
  33. Rosivall L, Rinder D, Champion J, Khosla MC, Navar LG, Oparil S: Intrarenal angiotensin I conversion at normal and reduced renal blood flow in the dog. Am J Physiol 245 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 14):F408–F415, 1983
  34. Meyer P, Baudouin M, Fermandjian S, Worcel M, Morgat JL, Fromageot P: Angiotensin receptors in smooth muscle cells, in Hypertension 1972, edited by Genest J and Koiw E, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1972, pp 495–505
  35. Regoli D, Park WK, Rioux F: Pharmacology of angiotensin. Pharmacol Rev 26:69–123, 1974 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  36. Bohr DF: Angiotensin on vascular smooth muscle, in Angiotensin (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology), edited by Page IH, Bumpus FM, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, vol 37, pp 424–440
  37. Bernik MB: Contractile activity of human glomeruli in culture. Nephron 6:1–10, 1969
  38. Hornych H, Beaufils M, Richet G: The effect of exogenous angiotensin on superficial and deep glomeruli in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 2:336–343, 1972
  39. Hornych H, Richet G: Dissociated effect of sodium intake on glomerular and pressor responses to angiotensin. Kidney Int 11:28–34, 1977
  40. Sraer JD, Sraer J, Ardaillou R, Mimoune O: Evidence for renal glomerular receptors for angiotensin II. Kidney Int 6:241–246, 1974 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  41. Osborne MJ, Droz B, Meyer P, Morel F: Angiotensin II: renal localization in glomerular mesangial cells by autoradiography. Kidney Int 8:245–254, 1975
  42. Aguilera G, Catt K: Regulation of vascular angiotensin II receptors in the rat during altered sodium intake. Circ Res 49:751–758, 1981
  43. Sraer J, Baud L, Cosyns J-P, Verroust P, Nivez M-P, Ardaillou R: High affinity binding of 125I-angiotensin II to rat glomerular basement membranes. J Clin Invest 59:69–81, 1977
  44. Brown GP, Douglas JG, Krontini-Litowitz J: Properties of angiotensin II receptors of isolated rat glomeruli: factors influencing binding affinity and comparative binding of angiotensin analogs. Endocrinology 106:1923–1929, 1980
  45. Ausiello DA, Kreisberg JI, Roy C, Karnovsky MJ: Contraction of cultured rat glomerular cells of apparent mesangial origin after stimulation with angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin. J Clin Invest 65:754–760, 1980 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  46. Kreisberg JI: Insulin requirement for contraction of cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells in response to angiotensin II: possible role for insulin in modulating glomerular hemodynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4190–4192, 1982
  47. Lohmeier TE, Cowley AW Jr: Hypertensive and renal effects of chronic low level intrarenal angiotensin infusion in the dog. Circ Res 44:154–160, 1979 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  48. Rosivall L, Navar LG: Effects on renal hemodynamics of intraarterial infusions of angiotensins I and II. Am J Physiol 245 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 14):F181–F187, 1983
  49. Kiil F, Kjekshus J, Loyning E: Renal autoregulation during infusion of noradrenaline, angiotensin, and acetylcholine. Acta Physiol Scand 76:10–23, 1969
  50. Gagnon JA, Keller HI, Kokotis W, Schrier RW: Analysis of role of renin-angiotensin system in autoregulation of glomerular filtration. Am J Physiol 219:491–496, 1970
  51. Hall JE: Regulation of renal hemodynamics. Int Rev Physiol 26:243–321, 1982
  52. Levens NR, Peach MJ, Carey RM: Role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the control of renal function. Circ Res 48:157–167, 1981
  53. Gomez DM: Evaluation of renal resistances, with special reference to changes in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 30:1143–1155, 1951 | PubMed |
  54. Navar LG, Evan AP, Rosivall L: Microcirculation of the kidney, in The Physiology and Pharmacology of the Microcirculation, edited by Mortillaro N, New York, Academic Press, 1983, vol 1, pp 397–488
  55. Myers BD, Deen WM, Brenner BM: Effects of norepinephrine and angiotensin II on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration and proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in the rat. Circ Res 37:101–110, 1975 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  56. Blantz RC, Konnen KS, Tucker BJ: Angiotensin II effects upon the glomerular microcirculation and ultrafiltration coefficient of the rat. J Clin Invest 57:419–434, 1976 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  57. Baylis C, Brenner BM: Modulation by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors of the action of exogenous angiotensin II on glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. Circ Res 43:889–898, 1978
  58. Schor N, Ichikawa I, Brenner BM: Glomerular adaptations to chronic dietary salt restriction or excess. Am J Physiol 238(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 7):F428–F436, 1980 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  59. Click RL, Joyner WL, Gilmore JP: Reactivity of glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles in renal hypertension. Kidney Int 15:109–115, 1979
  60. Baer PG, McGiff JC: Hormonal systems and renal hemodynamics. Ann Rev Physiol 42:589–601, 1980
  61. Brenner BM, Badr KF, Schor N, Ichikawa I: Hormonal influences on glomerular filtration. Miner Electrolyte Metabol 4:49–56, 1980
  62. McGiff JC: Interactions of prostaglandins with the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems. Clin Sci 59 (suppl):105–116, 1980
  63. Baer BG: The contribution of prostaglandins to renal blood flow maintenance is determined by the level of activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Life Sci 28:587–593, 1981
  64. Steven K, Thorpe DH: Angiotensin II: intratubular and renal capillary pressure regulation in the rat kidney. Acta Physiol Scand 101:394–403, 1977
  65. Jensen PK, Steven K: Angiotensin II induced reduction of peritubular capillary diameter in the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 371:245–250, 1977
  66. Carriere S, Friborg J: Intrarenal blood flow and PAH extraction during angiotensin infusion. Am J Physiol 217:1708–1715, 1969
  67. Rentsch HP, Ayer G, Valloton M, Ziegler W, Truniger B: Effects of angiotensin II and noradrenaline on intrarenal haemodynamics in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest 6:457–464, 1976
  68. Grangsjo G, Persson E: Influence of some vaso-active substances on regional blood flow in the dog kidney. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 15:71–95, 1971
  69. Aukland K: Effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and renal nerve stimulation on intrarenal distribution of blood flow in dogs. Acta Physiol Scand 72:498–509, 1968
  70. Tyssebotn I, Kirkebo A: Effect of vasoactive agents on the distribution of renal cortical blood flow in dogs. Acta Physiol Scand 95:318–328, 1975
  71. Itskovitz HD, McGiff JC: Hormonal regulation of the renal circulation. Circ Res 34(suppl 1):65–73, 1974
  72. Hofbauer KG, Zschiedrich H, Gross F: Regulation of renin release and intrarenal formation of angiotensin. Studies in isolated perfused kidney. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 3:73–93, 1976
  73. Davalos M, Frega NS, Saker B, Leaf A: Effect of exogenous and endogenous angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Am J Physiol 235(Renal Fluid and Electrolyte Physiol 4):F605–F610, 1978
  74. Carriere S, Biron P: Effect of angiotensin I on intrarenal blood distribution. Am J Physiol 219:1642–1646, 1970
  75. Britton SL: Intrarenal vascular effect of angiotensin I and angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 240(Heart Circ Physiol 9):H914–H919, 1981 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  76. Britton SL, Beierwaltes WH, Fiksen-Olsen MJ, Romero JC: Intrarenal vascular effects of [Des-Asp1] angiotensin-I and angiotensin-III in the dog. Circ Res 44:666–671, 1979
  77. Franklin WG, Peach MJ, Gilmore JP: Evidence for the renal conversion of angiotensin I in the dog. Circ Res 27:321–324, 1970
  78. Di Salvo J, Peterson A, Montefusco C, Menta M: Intrarenal conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the dog. Circ Res 29:398–406, 1971
  79. Merrill JE, Peach MJ, Gilmore JP: Angiotensin I conversion in the kidney and its modulation by sodium balance. Am J Physiol 224:1104–1108, 1973
  80. Rosivall L, Carmines PK, Navar LG: Effects of renal arterial angiotensin I infusion on glomerular dynamics in sodium replete dogs. Kidney Int in press, 1984
  81. Gillies A, Morgan T: Renin content of individual juxtaglomerular apparatuses and the effect of diet, changes in nephron flow rate and in vitro acidification on the renin content. Pfluegers Arch 375:105–110, 1978
  82. Mendelsohn FAO: Angiotensin II: evidence for its role as an intrarenal hormone. Kidney Int 22(suppl 12):S78–S81, 1982
  83. Fray JCS, Johnson MD, Barger AC: Renin release and pressor response to renal arterial hypotension: effect of dietary sodium. Am J Physiol 233(Heart Circ Physiol 2):H191–H195, 1977
  84. Hall JE, Guyton AC, Smith MJ, Coleman TG: Blood pressure and renal function during chronic changes in sodium intake: role of angiotensin. Am J Physiol 239(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 8):F271–F280, 1980 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  85. Mimran A, Guiod L, Hollenberg NK: The role of angiotensin in the cardiovascular and renal response to salt restriction. Kidney Int 5:348–355, 1974
  86. Kirkendall WM, Connor WE, Abboud F, Rastogi SP, Anderson TA, Fry M: The effect of dietary sodium chloride on blood pressure, body fluids, electrolytes, renal function, and serum lipids of normotensive man. J Lab Clin Med 87:418–434, 1976
  87. Luft FC, Rankin LI, Bloch R, Weyman AE, Willis LR, Murray RH, Grim CE, Weinberger MH: Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men. Circulation 60:697–706, 1979 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  88. Coelho JB: Sodium metabolism and intrarenal distribution of nephron glomerular filtration rates in the unanesthetized rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 146:225–231, 1974
  89. Fagard RH, Amery AK, Lijnen PJ: Renal responses to angiotensin II and 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII in sodium replete and deplete dogs. Pfluegers Arch 374:199–204, 1978
  90. Daugharty TM, Ueki IF, Nicholas DP, Brenner BM: Renal response to chronic intravenous salt loading in the rat. J Clin Invest 52:21–31, 1973
  91. Horster M, Thurau K: Micropuncture studies on the filtration rate of single superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli in the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 301:162–181, 1968
  92. Bonvalet JP, Champion M, Wanstok F, Berjal G: Nephron filtration rate in conscious rats recovering from anesthesia. Am J Physiol 232:F329–F334, 1977
  93. Potkay S, Gilmore JP: Autoregulation of glomerular filtration in renin-depleted dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 143:508–513, 1973
  94. Kaloyanides GJ, Bastron RD, DiBona GF: Impaired autoregulation of blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in the isolated dog kidney depleted of renin. Circ Res 35:400–412, 1974
  95. Hall JE, Guyton AC, Cowley AW: Dissociation of renal blood flow and filtration rate autoregulation by renin depletion. Am J Physiol 232:F215–F221, 1977
  96. Murray RD, Malvin RL: Intrarenal renin and autoregulation of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. Am J Physiol 236:F559–F566, 1979
  97. Bailie MD, Loutzenhiser R, Moyer S: Relation of renal hemodynamics to angiotensin II in renal hilar lymph of the dog. Am J Physiol 222:1075–1078, 1972
  98. Blaine EH, Zimmerman MB: Renin secretion during dynamic changes in renal perfusion pressure. Am J Physiol 236:F546–F551, 1979
  99. Schmid HE: Renal autoregulation and renin release during changes in renal perfusion pressure. Am J Physiol 222:1132–1137, 1972
  100. Fojas JE, Schmid HE Jr: Renin release, renal autoregulation, and sodium excretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 219:464–468, 1970
  101. Navar LG: Renal autoregulation: perspectives from whole kidney and single nephron studies. Am J Physiol 234:F357–F370, 1978 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  102. Eide I, Loyning E, Langard O, Kiil F: Mechanism of renin release during acute ureteral constriction in dogs. Circ Res 40:293–299, 1977
  103. Hall JE, Guyton AC: Changes in renal hemodynamics and renin release caused by increased plasma oncotic pressure. Am J Physiol 231:1550–1556, 1976
  104. Kastner PR, Hall JE, Guyton AC: Renal hemodynamic responses to increased renal venous pressure: role of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 243(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 12):F260–F264, 1982
  105. Carmines PK, Tanner GA: Angiotensin in the hemodynamic response to chronic nephron obstruction. Am J Physiol 245:F75–F82, 1983
  106. Zimmerman BG, Wong PC, Kounenis GK, Kraft EJ: No effect of intrarenal converting enzyme inhibition on canine renal blood flow. Am J Physiol 243(Heart, Circ Physiol 12):H277–H283, 1982 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  107. Henrich WL, Anderson RJ, Berns AS, McDonald KM, Paulsen PJ, Berl T, Schrier RW: The role of renal nerves and prostaglandins in control of renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity during hypotensive hemorrhage in the dog. J Clin Invest 61:744–750, 1978 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  108. Hollenberg NK: Pharmacologic interruption of the renin-angiotensin system. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:559–582, 1979
  109. Turker RK, Page IH, Bumpus FM: Antagonists of angiotensin II, in Angiotensin (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology), edited by Page IH, Bumpus FM. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974, vol 37, pp 162–169
  110. Kimbrough HM Jr, Vaughan ED Jr, Carey RM, Ayers CR: Effect of intrarenal angiotensin II blockade on renal function in conscious dog. Circ Res 40:174–178, 1977 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  111. Wong PC, Zimmerman BG: Dependence of renal vasodilator effect of captopril on prevailing plasma renin level in the dog: influence of DOCA-salt treatment. Clin Sci 63:355–360, 1982
  112. Arendshorst WJ, Finn WF: Renal hemodynamics in the rat before and during inhibition of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 233:F290–F297, 1977 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  113. Navar LG, Jirakulsomchok D, Bell PD, Thomas CE, Huang WC: Influence of converting enzyme inhibition on renal hemodynamics and a glomerular dynamics in sodium restricted dogs. Hypertension 4:58–68, 1982
  114. Hall JE, Guyton AC, Smith MJ, Coleman TG: Chronic blockade of angiotensin II formation during sodium depreviation. Am J Physiol 237(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 6):F424–F432, 1979
  115. Lohmeier TE, Cowley AW Jr, Trippodo NC, Hall JE, Guyton AC: Effects of endogenous angiotensin II on renal sodium excretion and renal hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 233(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 2):F388–F395, 1977
  116. DeForrest JM, Waldron TL, Antonaccio MJ: Renal response to captopril in conscious dogs pretreated with indomethacin. Am J Physiol 243(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 12):F543–F548, 1982
  117. Ploth DW, Rudulph J, LaGrange R, Navar LG: Tubulo-glomerular feedback and single nephron function after converting enzyme inhibition in the rat. J Clin Invest 64:1325–1335, 1979
  118. Hall JE, Guyton AC, Trippodo NC, Lohmeier TE, McCaa RE, Cowley AW Jr: Intrarenal control of electrolyte excretion by angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 232(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 1):F538–F544, 1977 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  119. Clappison BH, Anderson WP, Johnston CI: Renal hemodynamics and renal kinins after angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int 20:615–620, 1981 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  120. Huang WC, Ploth DW, Bell PD, Work J, Navar JG: Bilateral renal function responses to converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) in two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 3:285–293, 1981
  121. Ploth DW, Schnermann J, Dahlheim H, Hermle M, Schmidmeier E: Autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 12:253–267, 1977
  122. Huang WC, Navar LG: Effects of unclipping and converting enzyme inhibition on bilateral renal function in Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 23:816–822, 1983
  123. Hall JE, Guyton AC, Jackson TE, Coleman TG, Lohmeier TE, Trippodo NC: Control of glomerular filtration rate by reninangiotensin system. Am J Physiol 233:F366–F372, 1977 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  124. Johns EJ: A comparison of the ability of two angiotensin II receptor blocking drugs, 1-Sar-8-Ala angiotensin II and 1-Sar-8-Ile angiotensin II, to modify the regulation of glomerular filtration rate in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 71:499–506, 1980
  125. Gagnon JA, Rice MK, Flamenbaum W: Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on renal autoregulation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 146:414–418, 1974
  126. Steiner RW, Tucker BJ, Blantz RC: Glomerular hemodynamics in rats with chronic sodium depletion. J Clin Invest 64:503–512, 1979 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  127. Steiner RW, Blantz RC: Acute reversal by saralasin of multiple intrarenal effects of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 237:F386–F391, 1979
  128. Tucker BJ, Blantz RC: Mechanism of altered glomerular hemodynamics during chronic sodium depletion. Am J Physiol 244:F11–F18, 1983
  129. Thurau K, Gruner A, Mason J, Dahlheim H: Tubular signal for the renin activity in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Kidney Int 22(suppl 12):S55–S62, 1982
  130. Navar LG, Bell PD, Ploth DW: Role of feedback mechanism in renal autoregulation and sensing step in feedback pathway. Fed Proc 40:93–98, 1981
  131. Bell PD, Navar LG: Macula densa feedback control of glomerular filtration: role of cytosolic calcium. Miner Electrolyte Metabol 8:61–77, 1982
  132. Wright FS, Briggs JB: Feedback control of glomerular blood flow, pressure, and filtration rate. Physiol Rev 59:958–1006, 1979
  133. Schnermann J: Localization, mediation and function of the glomerular vascular response to alterations of distal fluid delivery. Fed Proc 40:109–115, 1981
  134. Briggs JP, Wright FS: Feedback control of glomerular filtration rate: site of the effector mechanism. Am J Physiol 236(Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 5):F40–F47, 1979 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  135. Navar LG, Ploth DW, Bell PD: Distal tubular feedback control of renal hemodynamics and auto-regulation. Annu Rev Physiol 42:557–571, 1980 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  136. Thurau K: Tubulo glomerular feedback in advances, in Physiological Sciences (Kidney and Body Fluids), edited by Takacs L, New York, Pergamon Press Inc, 1981, vol 2, pp 75–82
  137. Vander AJ: Control of renin release. Physiol Rev 47:359–382, 1967 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  138. Churchill PC, Churchill MC, McDonald FD: Renin secretion and distal tubule Na+ in rats. Am J Physiol 235:F611–F616, 1978
  139. Kotchen TA, Galla JH, Luke RG: Contribution of chloride to the inhibition of plasma renin by sodium chloride in the rat. Kidney Int 13:201–207, 1978
  140. Dahlheim H, Granger P, Thurau K: A sensitive method for determination of renin activity in the single juxtaglomerular apparatus of the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 321:303–315, 1970
  141. Granger P, Dahlheim H, Thurau K: Enzyme activities of the single juxtaglomerular apparatus in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 1:78–88, 1972
  142. Dev B, Drescher C, Schnermann J: Resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback sensitivity by dietary salt intake. Pfluegers Arch 346:263–277, 1974
  143. Stowe N, Schnermann J, Hermle M: Feedback regulation of nephron filtration rate during pharmacologic interference with the renin-angiotensin and adrenergic systems in rats. Kidney Int 15:473–486, 1979
  144. Ploth DW, Roy RN: Renin-angiotensin influences on tubuloglomerular feedback activity in the rat. Kidney Int 22(suppl 12):S114–S121, 1982
  145. Muller-Suur R, Gutsche H-U, Samwer KF, Oelkers W, Hierholzer K: Tubuloglomerular feedback in rat kidneys of different renin contents. Pfluegers Arch 359:33–56, 1975
  146. Gutsche HU, Muller-Suur R, Samwer KF, Beer G, Hierholzer K: Tubuloglomerular feedback control in kidneys of adrenalectomized rats. Pfluegers Arch 386:11–19, 1980

Extra navigation

.
ADVERTISEMENT