Kidney International (1980) 18, 86–94; doi:10.1038/ki.1980.113
Plasma protein binding in uremia: Extraction and characterization of an inhibitor
Thomas A Depner1, Paul F Gulyassy1, with the technical assistance of Linda A Stanfel1 and Elizabeth A Jarrard1
1Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
Correspondence: Dr T A Depner, University of California, Davis, Professional Building, 4301 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
Received 19 September 1979; Revised 17 December 1979.
Top of pageAbstract
Plasma protein binding in uremia: Extraction and characterization of an inhibitor. The impairment of binding of drugs and other substances to serum albumin in patients with uremia can be restored to normal or near normal levels by adsorption with charcoal or synthetic polymers at pH 3. We used a nonionic poly-styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer to treat uremic plasma at pH 3. We observed a marked improvement of binding. Subsequent elution of this resin with ethanol produced a substance that, when dried and recombined with normal plasma, caused dose-dependent impairment of phenytoin and tryptophan binding. Restoration of normal binding affinity occurred after retreatment of this abnormalized plasma with resin at pH 3. Plasma and pleural fluid exudate from patients with uremia yielded, after extraction by the above technique, an inhibitor(s) of phenytoin binding in amounts averaging five times that extracted from equal volumes of normal plasma. This inhibitor (Ix) is water soluble, heat stable, and dialyzable across cellophane membranes. Unlike fatty acids, which can also interfere with binding, Ix partitions primarily in the water phase in solvent partition studies but undergoes a sharp transition in the pH 4 to 5 range, suggesting the presence of a carboxyl group. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that a retained ligand(s) is responsible for impaired plasma binding associated with uremia and suggests a role for organic acids known to accumulate in renal failure.
Liaison aux protéines plasmatiques dans l'urémie: Extraction et caractérisation d'un inhibiteur. L'altération de la liaison de drogues et d'autres substances à l'albumine sérique au cours de l'urémie peut être complètement ou presque complètement supprimée par l'adsorption sur du charbon ou des polymères synthétiques à pH 3. Nous avons utilisé un co-polymère non ionique polystyrènedivinylbenzène pour traiter le plasma urémique à pH 3 et observé une amélioration importante de la liaison. L'élution ultérieure de cette résine par l'éthanol produit une substance qui, lorsqu'elle est séchée et recombinée avec du plasma normal, détermine une altération dose dépendante de la liaison de la diphényl-hydantoïne et du tryptophane. La récupération d'une affinité de liaison normale a été obtenue après un nouveau traitement du plasma par la résine à pH 3. Le plasma et le liquide pleural de malades urémiques a donné, après extraction par la technique ci-dessus, un inhibiteur(s) de la liaison de la phénylhydantoïne en quantité cinq fois plus grande que celle extraite devolumes identiques de plasma normal. Cet inhibiteur (Ix) est soluble dans l'eau, thermostable et dialysable à travers des membranes de cellophane. A la différence des acides gras, qui peuvent aussi interférer avec la liaison, Ix passe dans la phase aqueuse au cours des études de partition dans des solvants, mais subit une transition brusque dans la gamme de pH 4 à 5, ce qui suggère la présence d'un groupe carboxyle. Ces constatations apportent des arguments supplémentaires à l'hypothèse selon laquelle un ligand (ou des ligands) retenus au cours de l'urémie est responsable de l'altération de la liaison plasmatique et suggère un rôle des acides organiques dont l'accumulation est connue dans l'insuffisance rénale.
Top of pageReferences
- Reidenberg MM: The binding of drugs to plasma proteins and the interpretation of measurements of plasma concentrations of drugs in patients with poor renal function. Am J Med 62:466–470, 1977 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Gulyassy PF, Depner TA: Abnormal drug binding in uremia. Dialysis Transplant 8:19–23, 1979
- de Torrente A, Glazer GB, Gulyassy P: Reduced in vitro binding of tryptophan by plasma in uremia. Kidney Int 6:222–229, 1974
- Sjöholm I, Kober A, Odar-Cederlöf I, Borgå O: Protein binding of drugs in uremic and normal serum: The role of endogenous binding inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 25:1205–1213, 1976 | PubMed |
- Craig WA, Evenson MA, Sarver KP, Wagnild JP: Correction of protein binding defect in uremic sera by charcoal treatment. J Lab Clin Med 87:637–647, 1976
- Odar-Cederlöf I, Borgå O: Impaired plasma protein binding of phenytoin in uremia and displacement effect of salicylic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20:36–47, 1976
- Depner TA, Stanfel LA, Jarrard EA, Gulyassy PF: Impaired plasma phenytoin binding in uremia: The effect of in vitro acidification and anion exchange resin. Nephron 25:231–237, 1980
- Peters T Jr: Serum albumin, chapter 3, in The Plasma Proteins (2nd ed), edited by Putnum F, New York, Academic Press, 1975, vol. 1, p. 133
- Doumas BT, Watson WA, Biggs HC: Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin Chim Acta 31:87–96, 1971 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Kupke DW, Dorrier TE: Protein concentration measurements: The dry weight, chapter 6, in Methods in Enzymology, edited by Hirs CHW, Timasheff SN, New York, Academic Press, 1978, vol. 48, p. 155
- Scheider W, Fuller JK: An effective method for defatting albumin using resin columns. Biochim Biophys Acta 221:376–378, 1970
- Birkett DJ, Myers SP, Sudlow G: The fatty acid content and drug binding characteristics of commercial albumin preparations. Clin Chim Acta 85:253–258, 1978
- Lamberth EL Fr, Oates JA: Plasma lipid patterns in chronic renal failure. Trans Am Soc Artif intern Organs 21:473–478, 1975 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Jahangir LM, Samuelson O: Cation-exchange resins and non-ionic cross-linked polymers in analysis of aqueous solutions for organic contaminants. Anal Chim Acta 100:53–63, 1978
- Odar-Cederlöf I, Borgå O: Impaired plasma protein binding of phenytoin in uremia and displacement effect of salicylic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20:36–47, 1976
- Wilding G, Feldhoff RC, Vesell ES: Concentration-dependent effects of fatty acids on warfarin binding to albumin. Biochem Pharmacol 26:1143–1146, 1977
- Odar-Cederlöf O, Borgå O: Lack of relationship between serum free fatty acids and impaired plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in chronic renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 10:403–405, 1976
- Coolen RB, Herbstman R, Hermann P: Spurious brain creatine kinase in serum from patients with renal disease. Clin Chem 24:1636–1638, 1978
- Hicks JM, Young DS, Wootton IDP: Abnormal blood constituents in acute renal failure. Clin Chim Acta 7:623–633, 1962
- Bunn HF, Haney DN, Kamin S, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM: The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin AIc: Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. J Clin Invest 57:1652–1659, 1976 | PubMed | ChemPort |
- Hawkins D, Pinckard RN, Crawford IP, Farr RS: Structural changes in human serum albumin induced by ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid. J Clin Invest 48:536–542, 1969 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Boobis SW: Alteration of plasma albumin in relation to decreased drug binding in uremia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22:147–153, 1977 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |