Laboratory Investigation

Kidney International (1979) 15, 520–533; doi:10.1038/ki.1979.67

Effects of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on sodium and calcium transport in the dog kidney

Roger A L Sutton, Norman L M Wong and John H Dirks

Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and the Renal and Electrolyte Division of the Department of Medicine, McGill University and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Correspondence: Dr R A L Sutton, G. F. Strong Laboratory, Vancouver General Hospital, Tenth Avenue and Heather Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada

Received 11 April 1978; Revised 4 October 1978.

Top

Abstract

Effects of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on sodium and calcium transport in the dog kidney. Clearance and micropuncture studies have been performed in dogs to examine the effects of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis and acute alkalosis on tubular sodium and calcium transport. Acute metabolic acidosis, induced by the infusion of hydrochloric acid, decreased proximal fluid reabsorption and increased the fractional delivery of sodium and calcium to the distal tubule, but not to the final urine. In comparison with normal dogs, dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis (induced by feeding ammonium chloride) showed an increase in proximal fluid reabsorption and a dissociation of calcium from sodium reabsorption more distally, leading to an increased delivery of calcium relative to sodium at the distal tubule and in the final urine. The infusion of sodium bicarbonate to correct chronic metabolic acidosis, both in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs, reduced proximal fluid reabsorption and caused a selective enhancement of calcium reabsorption relative to sodium in the more distal nephron, resulting in a reversal of the dissociation observed in acidosis, both at the distal tubule and in the final urine. By contrast, infusion of sodium chloride in parathyroid-intact acidotic dogs did not reduce proximal fluid reabsorption or enhance tubular calcium reabsorption. In nonacidotic dogs, both intact and TPTX, infusion of sodium bicarbonate to induce acute alkalosis resulted in selective enhancement of calcium over sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron segments. These data demonstrate the presence of a component of tubular calcium reabsorption situated beyond the proximal tubule, which is inhibited by chronic (but not acute) metabolic acidosis and enhanced by metabolic alkalosis (or bicarbonate infusion) independently of parathyroid hormone.

Effets de l'acidose et de l'alcalose métaboliques sur le transport de sodium et de calcium par le rein de chien. Des expériences de clearances et de microponctions ont été réalisées chez des chiens pour étudier les effets de l'acidose et de l'alcalose métaboliques aiguës et chroniques sur les transports tubulaires du sodium et du calcium. L'acidose métabolique aiguë, déterminée par la perfusion d'acide chlorhydrique, diminue la réabsorption proximale et augmente les débits fractionnels de sodium et de calcium au tube distal, mais non dans l'urine définitive. Par comparaison avec des contrôles, les chiens en acidose métabolique chronique, déterminée par l'administration orale de ammonium chloride, ont une augmentation de la réabsorption proximale et une dissociation, en aval, des réabsorptions de calcium et de sodium, avec pour conséquence un débit fractionnel de calcium proportionnellement plus grand que celui de sodium au tube distal et dans l'urine définitive. La perfusion de sodium bicarbonate, en vue de la correction de l'acidose métabolique, chez le chien intact et thyroparathyroïdectomisé (TPTX), diminue la réabsorption proximale et détermine une augmentation sélective de la réabsorption de calcium par rapport à celle du sodium, dans le néphron d'aval, ce qui a pour conséquence une reversion de la dissociation observée dans l'acidose dans le tube distal et l'urine définitive. Au contraire, la perfusion de sodium chloride à des animaux en acidose, avec des parathyroïdes intactes, ne modifie pas la réabsorption proximale et n'augmente pas la réabsorption tubulaire de calcium. Chez les animaux sans acidose, intacts ou TPTX, la perfusion de sodium bicarbonate, afin de déterminer une alcalose aiguë, a pour conséquence une augmentation sélective de la réabsorption du calcium, par rapport à celle du sodium, dans les segments plus distaux des néphrons. Ces résultats démontrent la présence d'un composant de la réabsorption tubulaire du calcium, situé au delà du tube proximal, qui est inhibé par l'acidose métabolique chronique, mais non l'acidose métabolique aiguë, et augmenté par l'alcalose métabolique (ou la perfusion de bicarbonate) indépendamment de l'hormone parathyroïdienne.

Top

References

  1. Gerhardt D, Schlesinger W: Uber die Kalkund Magnesiaausscheidung beim Diabetes mellitus und ihre Beziehungzur Ausscheidung abnormer Sauren (Acidose) Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 42:83–108, 1899
  2. Bogert LJ, Kirkpatrick EE: Studies in inorganic metabolism: III. The effects of acid-forming and base-forming diets upon calcium metabolism. J Biol Chem 54:375–386, 1922
  3. Nelson MVK: Calcium and phosphorus metabolism of epileptic children receiving a ketogenic diet. Am J Dis Child 36:716–719, 1928
  4. Lemann J Jr, Litzow JR, Lennon EJ: The effects of chronic acid loads in normal man: further evidence for the participation of bone mineral in the defense against chronic metabolic acidosis. J Clin Invest 45:1608–1614, 1966 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  5. Stacy BD, Wilson BW: Acidosis and hypercalciuria: Renal mechanisms affecting calcium, magnesium and sodium excretion in the sheep. J Physiol 210:549–564, 1970
  6. Williamson BJ, Freeman S: Effects of acute changes in acid-base balance on renal calcium excretion in dogs. Am J Physiol 191:384–387, 1957
  7. Lemann J Jr, Litzow, JR, Lennon EJ: Studies of the mechanism by which metabolic acidosis augments urinary calcium excretion in man. J Clin Invest 46:1318–1328, 1967 | ISI | ChemPort |
  8. Farquharson RF, Salter WT, Aub JC: Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism: XII. The effect of ingestion of acid-producing substances. J Clin Invest 10:221–249, 1931
  9. Edwards NA, Hodgkinson A: Metabolic studies in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Clin Sci 29:143–157, 1965 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  10. Parfitt AM, Higgins BA, Nassim JR, Collins JA, Hilb A: Metabolic studies in patients with hypercalciuria. Clin Sci 27:463–482, 1964
  11. Transbol I, Hahnemann S, Hornum I: The tubular reabsorption of calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism and in non-parathyroid hypercalcaemia. Acta Med Scand 184:33–43, 1968
  12. Lassiter WE, Gottschalk CW, Mylle M: Micropuncture study of renal tubular reabsorption of calcium in normal rodents. Am J Physiol 204:771–775, 1963
  13. Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Renal excretion of calcium: A review of micropuncture data. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 53:979–988, 1975
  14. Walser M: Calcium clearance as a function of sodium clearance in the dog. Am J Physiol 200:1099–1104, 1961 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  15. Edwards BR, Baer PG, Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Micropuncture study of diuretic effects on sodium and calcium reabsorption in the dog nephron. J Clin Invest 52:2418–2427, 1973 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  16. Vurek GG, Pegram SE: Fluorometric method for the determination of nanogram quantities of inulin. Anal Biochem 16:409–419, 1966 | Article | ISI | ChemPort |
  17. Sartorius OW, Roemmelt JC, Pitts RF: The renal regulation of acid-base balance in man: IV. The nature of the renal compensations in ammonium chloride acidosis. J Clin Invest 28:423–439, 1949
  18. Edwards BR, Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Effect of calcium infusion on renal tubular reabsorption in the dog. Am J Physiol 227:13–18, 1974
  19. Le Grimellec C, Roinel M, Morel F: Simultaneous Mg, Ca, P, K, and Cl analysis in rat tubular fluid: III. During acute Ca plasma loading. Pfluegers Arch 346:171–188, 1974
  20. Dubb J, Goldberg M, Agus ZS. Tubular effects of acute metabolic acidosis in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 90:318–323, 1977
  21. Sutton RAL, Quamme GA, Wong NLM, Dirks JH: Effect of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on renal tubular calcium transport, in Urolithiasis Research, edited by Fleisch H, Robertson W, Smith L, Vahlensieck W, New York and London, Plenum Press, 1976, p. 397
  22. Ullrich KJ, Rumrich G, Kloss S: Active Ca++ reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney: Dependence on sodium and buffer transport. Pfluegers Arch 364:223–228, 1976
  23. Bore AB: In renal handling of calcium (symposium report). Fed Proc 37:2112–2119, 1978
  24. Cochran M, Nordin BEC: The causes of hypocalcaemia in chronic renal failure. Clin Sci 40:305–315, 1971
  25. Burnett CH, Commons RR, Albright F, Howard JE: Hypercalcaemia without hypercalciuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency: A syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali. N Engl J Med 240:787–794, 1949
  26. Sutton RAL, Wong NLM, Dirks JH: Effects of parathyroid hormone on sodium and calcium transport in the dog nephron. Clin Sci Mol Med 51:345–351, 1976
  27. Beck LH, Goldberg M: Effects of acetazolamide and parathyroidectomy on renal transport of sodium, calcium and phosphate. Am J Physiol 224:1136–1142, 1973
  28. Lemann J Jr, Wilz DR, Brenes LG: Acid, calcium and phosphorus balance in proximal renal tubular acidosis. Abst Am Soc Nephrol, 9th Annual Meeting, 1976, p. 75

Extra navigation

.
ADVERTISEMENT