Symposium on Potassium Homeostasis

Kidney International (1977) 11, 391–414; doi:10.1038/ki.1977.59

Epithelial transport of potassium

Anthony D C Macknight1

1Department of Physiology, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand

Correspondence: Dr A D C Macknight, Department of Physiology, Medical School, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Top

Abstract

Recent investigations of ion transport across epithelia have placed much emphasis on sodium movements. Less attention has been given to transepithelial potassium transport, which in general contributes much less to total ion movement than does sodiumu Yet, the movement of potassium across epithelial cells and its regulation are essential for potassium homeostasis. This review discusses some of the factors which affect potassium movements across cellular membranes: and across epithelia, it summarizes our knowledge of potassium transport across different epithelia, and it looks briefly at the dependency of transepithelial sodium transport on potassium in the medium bathing the inner surface of the epithelial cells.

Top

References

  1. Frömter E, Diamond JM: Route of passive ion permeation in epithelia. Nature 235:9–13, 1972 | Article |
  2. Giebisch G, Windhager EE: Electrolyte transport across renal tubular membranes, in Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology, edited by Orloff J, Berliner RW, Washington D.C., American Physiological Society, 1973
  3. Schultz SG, Frizzell RA, Nellans HN: Ion transport by mammalian small intestine. Annu Rev Physiol 36:51–92, 1974
  4. Ussing HH, Erlij D, Lassen U: Transport pathways in biological membranes. Annu Rev Physiol 36:17–49, 1974
  5. Ussing HH: The distinction by means of tracers between active transport and diffusion. Acta Physiol Scand 19:43–56, 1949 | ISI | ChemPort |
  6. Curran PF, Schultz SG: Transport across membranes: General principles, in Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Alimentary Canal, edited by Code CF, Heidel W, Washington DC, American Physiological Society, vol. 3, 1968
  7. Ussing HH, Zerahn K: Active transport of sodium as the source of electric current in the short-circuited isolated frog skin. Acta Physiol Scand 23:110–127, 1951 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  8. Leaf A: Transepithelial transport and its hormonal control in toad bladder. Ergeb Physiol Biol Chem Exptl Pharmakol 56:216–263, 1965
  9. Windhager EE, Giebisch G: Electrophysiology of the nephron. Physiol Rev 45:214–244, 1965
  10. Barratt LJ, Rector FC Jr, Kokko JP, Seldin DW: Factors governing the transepithelial potential difference across the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. J Clin Invest 53:454–464, 1974
  11. Frömter E, Gebetaner K: Free-flow potential profile along rat kidney proximal tubule. Pfluegers Arch 351:69–83, 1974
  12. Frömter E, Gebetaner K: Active transport potentials, membrane diffusion potentials and streaming potentials across rat kidney proximal tubule. Pfluegers Arch 351:85–98, 1974
  13. Seely JF, Chirito E: Studies of the electrical potential difference in rat proximal tubule. Am J Physiol 229:72–80, 1975
  14. Jacobson HR, Kokko JP: Intrinsic differences in various segments of the proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 57:818–825, 1976
  15. Barratt LJ, Rector FC Jr, Kokko JP, Tisher CC, Seldin DW: Transepithelial potential difference profile of the distal tubule of the rat kidney. Kidney Int 8:368–375, 1976
  16. Barratt LJ: The effect of amiloride on the transepithelial potential difference of the distal tubule of the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 361:251–254, 1976
  17. Schultz SG: Electrical potential differences and electromotive forces in epithelial tissues. J Gen Physiol 59:794–798, 1972
  18. Schultz SG: Shunt pathway, sodium transport and the electrical potential profile across rabbit ileum, in Transport Mechanisms in Epithelia (Alfred Benzon Symposium V), edited by Ussing HH, Thorn NA, Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1973
  19. Schultz SG: Principles of electrophysiology and their application to epithelial tissues, in MTP International Review of Science, physiology series 1, Gastrointestinal Physiology, edited by Jacobson ED, Shanbour LL, London, Butterworths, vol. 4, 1974
  20. Whittembury G: Electrical potential profile of the toad skin epithelium. J Gen Physiol 47:795–808, 1964
  21. Frazier HS: The electrical potential profile of the isolated toad bladder. J Gen Physiol 45:515–528, 1962 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  22. Villiegas L: Cellular location of the electrical potential difference in frog gastric mucosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 64:359–367, 1962
  23. Lev AA, Armstrong WM: Ionic activities in cells, in Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, edited by Bronner F, Kleinzeller A, New York, Academic Press, vol. 6, 1975, pp. 59–123
  24. Hinke JAM: Glass micro-electrodes for measuring intracellular activities of sodium and potassium. Nature 184:1257–1258, 1959 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  25. Lev AA: Determination of activity and activity coefficients of potassium and sodium ions in frog muscle fibres. Nature 201:1132–1134, 1964 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  26. Lee CO, Armstrong WM: State and distribution of potassium and sodium ions in frog skeletal muscle. J Membr Biol 15:331–362, 1974
  27. Khuri RN: Electrochemical potentials of potassium and chloride in the proximal renal tubules of Necturus maculosus. Adv Exp Med Biol 50:109–126, 1974
  28. Khuri RN, Agulian SK, Kalloghlian A: Intracellular potassium in cells of the distal tubule. Pfluegers Arch 335:297–307, 1972
  29. Khuri RN, Agulian SK, Bogharian K: Electrochemical potentials of potassium in proximal renal tubule of rat. Pfluegers Arch 346:319–326, 1974
  30. Wiederholt M, Agulian SK, Khuri RN: Intracellular potassium in the distal tubule of the adrenalectomized and aldosterone treated rat. Pfluegers Arch 347:117–123, 1974
  31. Lee CO, Armstrong WM: Activities of sodium and potassium ions in epithelial cells of small intestine. Science 175:1261–1264, 1972 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  32. Lee CO, Fozzard HA: Activities of potassium and sodium ions in rabbit heart muscle. J Gen Physiol 65:695–708, 1975 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  33. Walker JL, Ladle RO: Intracellular potassium and chloride activities in frog heart muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol 50:159–171, 1974
  34. Burg MB, Grantham J, Abramow M, Orloff J: Preparation and study of fragments of single rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 210:1293–1298, 1966 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  35. Mudge GH: Studies on potassium accumulation by rabbit kidney slices: Effect of metabolic activity. Am J Physiol 165:113–127, 1951
  36. Robinson JR: Exchanges of water and ions by kidney slices determined by a balance method. J Physiol (Lond) 158:449–460, 1961
  37. Whittembury G: Sodium extrusion and potassium uptake in guinea pig kidney slices. J Gen Physiol 48:699–717, 1965
  38. Macknight ADC: Water and electrolyte contents of rat renal cortical slices incubated in potassium-free media and media containing ouabain. Biochim Biophys Acta 150:263–271, 1968
  39. Macknight ADC, DiBona DR, Leaf A, Civan MM: Measurements of the composition of epithelial cells from the toad urinary bladder. J Membr Biol 6:108–126, 1971
  40. Esposito G, Csáky TZ: Extracellular space in the epithelium of rats' small intestine. Am J Physiol 226:50–55, 1974
  41. Lund-Andersen H: Extracellular and intracellular distribution of inulin in rat brain cortex slices. Brain Res 65:239–254, 1974
  42. McIver DJL, Macknight ADC: Extracellular space in some isolated tissues. J Physiol (Lond) 239:31–49, 1974
  43. Siebert G, Langendorf H: Ionenhaushalt im Zellkern. Naturwissenschaften 57:119–124, 1970
  44. Siebert G: The biochemical environment of the mammalian nucleus. Subcell Biochem 1:277–292, 1972
  45. Pietrzyk C, Heinz E: The sequestration of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the cellular nucleus and its energetic consequences for the gradient hypothesis of amino acid transport in Ehrlich cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 352:397–411, 1974
  46. Palmer LG, Civan MM: Intracellular distribution of free potassium in Chironomus salivary glands. Science 188:1321–1322, 1975
  47. Mudge GH: Electrolyte metabolism of rabbit-kidney slices: Studies with radioactive potassium and sodium. Am J Physiol 173:511–522 1953
  48. Whittam R, Davies RE: Relations between metabolism and the rate of turnover of sodium and potassium in guinea pig kidney-cortex slices. Biochem J 56:445–453, 1954
  49. Foulkes EC: Exchange and diffusion of potassium in kidney cortex slices. Am J Physiol 203:655–661, 1962
  50. Harris EJ: The exchangeability of the potassium of frog muscle, studied in phosphate media. J Physiol (Lond) 117:278–288, 1952
  51. Hashish SEE: The effects of low temperature and heparin on potassium exchangeability in rat diaphragm. Acta Physiol Scand 43:189–199, 1958 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  52. Heckmann KD, Parsons DS: Electrolyte distribution between rat liver slices and an artificial saline solution. Biochim Biophys Acta 36:213–221, 1959
  53. Robinson JR: Effects of urea upon the water and ionic content of kidney slices. J Physiol (Lond) 164:552–562, 1962
  54. Robinson JR: Oxygen consumption and electrolyte composition of kidney slices between 20 and 0°C. J Physiol (Lond) 177:112–121, 1965
  55. Wiggins PM: Selective accumulation of potassium ion by gel and kidney slices. Biochim Biophys Acta 88:593–605, 1964
  56. Moore B, Roaf HE, Webster A: Direct measurements of the osmotic pressure of casein in alkaline solution: Experimental proof that apparent impermeability of a membrane to ions is not due to the properties of the membrane but to the colloid contained within the membrane. Biochem J 6:110–121, 1912
  57. Ling GN: The interpretation of selective ionic permeability and cellular potentials in terms of the fixed charge-induction hypothesis. J Gen Physiol 43:149–174, 1960 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  58. Ling GN: A Physical Theory of the Living State: The Association-Induction Hypothesis. Waltham, Massachusetts, Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1962
  59. Ling GN, Cope FW: Potassium ion: Is the bulk of intracellular potassium ion adsorbed? Science 163:1335–1336, 1969 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  60. Burg MB, Grollman EF, Orloff J: Sodium and potassium flux of separated renal tubules. Am J Physiol 206:483–491, 1964
  61. Burg MB, Orloff J: Effect of strophanthidin on fluxes of potassium in rabbit kidney slices. Am J Physiol 205:139–146, 1963
  62. Burg MB, Orloff J: Effect of termperature and medium K on Na and K fluxes in separated renal tubules. Am J Physiol 211:1005–1010, 1966
  63. Burg MB, Abramow M: Localization of tissue sodium and potassium compartments in rabbit renal cortex. Am J Physiol 211:1011–1017, 1966
  64. Robinson BA, Macknight ADC: Relationships between serosal medium potassium concentration and sodium transport in toad urinary bladder: III. Exchangeability of epithelial cellular potassium. J Membr Biol 26:269–286, 1976
  65. Frazier HS, Dempsey EF, Leaf A: Movement of sodium across the mucosal surface of the isolated toad bladder and its modification by vasopressin. J Gen Physiol 45:529–543, 1962 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  66. Rotunno A, Villalonga FA, Fernandez M, Cereijido M: The penetration of sodium into the epithelium of the frog skin. J Gen Physiol 55:716–735, 1970
  67. Biber TUL: Effect of changes in transepithelial transport on the uptake of sodium across the outer surface of the frog skin. J Gen Physiol 58:131–144, 1971
  68. Biber TUL, Sanders ML: Influence of transepithelial potential difference on the sodium uptake at the outer surface of the isolated frog skin. J Gen Physiol 61:529–551, 1973
  69. Nellans NH, Frizzell RA, Schultz SG: Coupled sodium-chloride influx across the brush border of rabbit ileum. Am J Physiol 225:467–475, 1973
  70. Rick R, Dörge A, Nagel W: Influx and efflux of sodium at the outer surface of frog skin. J Membr Biol 22:183–196, 1975
  71. Giebisch G: Some reflections on the mechanism of renal tubular potassium transport. Yale J Biol Med 48:315–336, 1975
  72. Glynn IM, Karlish SJD: The sodium pump. Annu Rev Physiol 37:13–55, 1975
  73. Jørgensen PL: Isolation and characterization of the components of the sodium pump. Q Rev Biophys 7:239–274, 1974
  74. Schwartz A, Lindenmayer GE, Allen JC: The sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase: pharmacological, physiological and biochemical aspects. Pharmacol Rev 27:3–134, 1975
  75. Lauf PK: Antigen-antibody reactions and cation transport in biomembranes: Immunophysiological aspects. Biochim Biophys Acta 415:173–229, 1975
  76. Askari A: Properties and functions of (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Ann NY Acad Sci 242:1–741, 1974
  77. Dean RB: Theories of electrolyte equilibrium in muscle. Biol Symp 3:331–348, 1941
  78. Skou JC: Enzymatic basis for active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membrane. Physiol Rev 45:596–617, 1965 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  79. Schatzmann HJ: Herzglykoside als Hemmstoffe für den aktiven Kaliumund Natrium transport durch die Erythrocyten-membran. Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta 11:346–354, 1953 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  80. Ruoho A, Kyte J: Photoaffinity labeling of the ouabain-binding site of (Na+ + K + ) adenosine triphosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 71:2352–2356, 1974
  81. Hoffman JF: The active transport of sodium by ghosts of human red blood cells. J Gen Physiol 45:837–859, 1962 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  82. Post RL, Jolly PC: The linkage of sodium, potassium and ammonium active transport across the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta 25:118–128, 1957 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  83. Schwartz TL: Direct effects on the membrane potential due to "pumps" that transfer no net charge. Biophys J 11:944–960, 1971
  84. Thomas RC: Electrogenic sodium pump in nerve and muscle cells. Physiol Rev 52:563–594, 1972 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  85. Quiqley JP, Gotterer GS: Distribution of (Na+-K +)-stimulated ATPase activity in rat intestinal mucosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 173:456–468, 1969
  86. Fujita M, Matsui H, Nagano K, Nakao M: Asymmetric distribution of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in rat intestinal mucosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 233:404–408, 1971
  87. Stirling CE: Radioautographic localization of sodium pump sites in rabbit intestine. J Cell Biol 53:704–714, 1972 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  88. Mills JW, Ernst SA: Localization of sodium pump sites in frog urinary bladder. Biochim Biophys Acta 375:268–273, 1975 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  89. Koefoed-Johnsen V: The effect of g-strophanthin (ouabain) on the active transport of sodium through the isolated frog skin. Acta Physiol Scand 42 (suppl 145):87–88, 1957
  90. Diamond JM: The reabsorptive function of the gall-bladder. J Physiol (Lond) 161:442–473, 1962
  91. Schultz SG, Zalusky R: Ion transport in isolated rabbit ileum: I. Short-circuit current and Na fluxes. J Gen Physiol 47:567–584, 1964 | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  92. Herrera FC: Action of ouabain on sodium transport in toad urinary bladder. Am J Physiol 210:980–986, 1966
  93. Macknight ADC, Civan MM, Leaf A: Some effects of ouabain on cellular ions and water in epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder. J Membr Biol 20:387–401, 1975
  94. Koefoed-Johnsen V, Ussing HH: The nature of the frog skin potential. Acta Physiol Scand 42:298–308, 1958 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  95. Frazier HS, Leaf A: The electrical characteristics of active sodium transport in the toad bladder. J Gen Physiol 46:491–503, 1963 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  96. Biber TUL, Aceves J, Mandel LJ: Potassium uptake across serosal surface of isolated frog skin epithelium. Am J Physiol 22:1366–13773, 1972
  97. Proverbio F, Whittembury G: Cell electrical potentials during enhanced sodium extrusion in guinea pig kidney cortex slices. J Physiol (Lond) 250:559–578, 1975
  98. Burg MB, Orloff J: Effect of strophanthidin on electrolyte content and PAH accumulation of rabbit kidney slices. Am J Physiol 202:565–571, 1962 | ISI | ChemPort |
  99. Kleinzeller A, Knotková A: The effect of ouabain on the electrolyte and water transport in kidney cortex and liver slices. J Physiol (Lond) 175:172–192, 1964
  100. Whittembury G: Sodium and water transport in kidney proximal tubular cells. J Gen Physiol 51:303s–314s, 1968
  101. Macknight ADC, Civan MM, Leaf A: The sodium transport pool in toad urinary bladder epithelial cells. J Membr Biol 20:365–386, 1975
  102. Robinson BA, Macknight ADC: Relationships between serosal medium potassium concentration and sodium transport in toad urinary bladder: II. Effects of different medium potassium concentrations on epithelial cell composition. J Membr Biol 26:239–268, 1976
  103. Garay RP, Garrahan PJ: The interaction of sodium and potassium with the sodium pump in red cells. J Physiol (Lond) 231:297–325, 1973
  104. Knight AB, Welt LG: Intracellular potassium: A determinant of the sodium-potassium pump rate. J Gen Physiol 63:351–373, 1974 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  105. Schneyer LH, Young JA, Schneyer CA: Salivary secretion of electrolytes. Physiol Rev 53:720–777, 1972
  106. Young JA: Electrolyte transport by salivary epithelia. Proc Aust Physiol Pharmacol Soc 4:101–121, 1973
  107. Schneyer LH, Emmelin N: Salivary Secretion, in MTP International Review of Science, physiology series no. 1, Gastrointestinal Physiology, edited by Jacobson ED, Shanbour LL, London, Butterworths, vol. 4, 1974
  108. Petersen OH, Pedersen GL: Membrane effects mediated by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in mouse parotid acinar cells. J Membr Biol 16:353–362, 1974
  109. Petersen OH: Mechanism of hormone and neurotransmitter action on electrically non-excitable cell membranes. Proc Aust Physiol and Pharmacol Soc 6:1–17, 1975
  110. Batzri S, Selinger Z: Enzyme secretion mediated by the epinephrine beta-receptor in rat parotid slices. J Biol Chem 248:356–360, 1973
  111. Petersen OH: Acetylcholine-induced ion transports involved in the formation of saliva. Acta Physiol Scand 381 (suppl.):l–58, 1972
  112. Burgen ASV: The secretion of potassium in saliva. J Physiol (Lond) 132:20–39, 1956
  113. Burgen ASV, Seeman P: The role of the salivary duct system in the formation of the saliva. Can J Biochem Physiol 36:119–143, 1958
  114. Schneyer LH: Secretion of K and fluid by rat submaxillary during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Am J Physiol 229:1056–1061, 1975
  115. Poulsen JH: Time course of acetylcholine-induced Kf release from the perfused cat submandibular gland. Pfluegers Arch 338:201–206, 1973
  116. Young JA, Martin CJ: The effect of a sympatho- and a parasympathomimetic drug on the electrolyte concentrations of primary and final-saliva in the rat submaxillary gland. Pfluegers Arch 327:285–302, 1971
  117. Martin CJ, Young JA: A microperfusion investigation of the effects of a sympathamimetic and a parasympathomimetic drug on water and electrolyte fluxes in the main duct of the rat submaxillary gland. Pfluegers Arch 327:303–323, 1971
  118. Pedersen GL, Petersen OH: Membrane potential measurement in parotid acinar cells. J Physiol (Lond) 234:217–227, 1973
  119. Nishiyama A, Kagayama M: Biphasic secretory potentials in cat and rabbit submaxillary glands. Experientia 29:161–163, 1973
  120. Kagayama M, Nishiyama A: Membrane potential and input resistance in acinar cells from cat and rabbit submaxillary glands in vivo: Effects of autonomic nerve stimulation. J Physiol (Lond) 242:157–172, 1974
  121. Nishiyama A, Petersen OH: Membrane potential and resistance measurement in acinar cells from salivary glands in vitro: Effect of acetylcholine. J Physiol (Lond) 242:173–188, 1974
  122. Lundberg A: Electrophysiology of salivary glands. Physiol Rev 38:21–40, 1958 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  123. Schneyer LH, Schneyer CA: Electrolyte and inulin spaces of rat salivary glands and pancreas. Am J Physiol 199:649–652, 1960
  124. Mangos JA, McSherry NR, Barber T, Arvanitakis SN, Wagner V: Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells: II. Characterization of adrenergic receptors. Am J Physiol 229:560–565, 1975
  125. Mangos JA, McSherry NR, Barber T: Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells: III. Characterization of cholinergic receptors. Am J Physiol 229:566–569, 1975
  126. Poulsen JH: Acetylcholine-induced transport of Na+ and K+ in the perfused cat submandibular gland. Pfluegers Arch 349:215–220, 1974
  127. Imai Y: Studies on the secretory mechanism of the submaxillary gland of dog: Part 1. Electrophysiological studies with microelectrode. J Physiol Soc Jpn 27:304–312, 1965
  128. Petersen OH: Formation of saliva and potassium transport in the perfused cat submandibular gland. J Physiol (Lond) 216:129–142, 1971
  129. Gaudemer Y, Foucher B: Influence of sodium ethacrynate on some reactions involved in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 131:255–264, 1967
  130. Gordon EE: Site of ethacrynic acid action on Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Biochem Pharmacol 17:1237–1242, 1968
  131. Macknight ADC: the effects of ethacrynic acid on the electrolyte and water contents of rat renal cortical slices. Biochim Biophys Acta 170:223–233, 1969
  132. Poat PC, Poat JA, Munday KA: The site of action of the diuretic ethacrynic acid on rat kidney and liver tissue. Comp Gen Pharmacol 1:400–408, 1970
  133. Klahr S, Yates J, Bougoignie J: Inhibition of glycolysis by ethacrynic acid and furosemide. Am J Physiol 221:1038–1043, 1971
  134. Epstein RW: The effects of ethacrynic acid on active transport of sugars and ions and on other metabolic processes in rabbit kidney cortex. Biochim Biophys Acta 274:253–264, 1973
  135. Case DB, Gunther SJ, Cannon PJ: Ethacrynate-induced depression of respiration in transport systems and kidney mitochondria. Am J Physiol 224:769–780, 1973
  136. Schneyer LH: Sympathetic control of Na, K transport in perfused submaxillary main duct of rat. Am J Physiol 230:341–345, 1976
  137. Mangos JA, McSherry NR: Micropuncture study of sodium and potassium excretion in rat parotid saliva: Role of aldosterone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 132:797–801, 1969
  138. Gruber WD, Knauf H, Frömter E: The action of aldosterone on Na+ and K+ transport in the rat submaxillary main duct. Pfluegers Arch 344:33–49, 1973
  139. Young JA, Frömter E, Schogel E, Hamann KF: A microperfusion investigation of sodium resorption and potassium secretion by the main excretory duct of the rat submaxillary gland. Pfluegers Arch 295:157–172, 1967
  140. Schneyer LH: Secretory processes in perfused excretory duct of rat submaxillary gland. Am J Physiol 215:664–670, 1968
  141. Martin CJ, Frömter E, Gebler B, Knauf H, Young JA: The effects of carbachol on water and electrolyte fluxes and transepithelial electrical potential differences of the rabbit submaxillary main duct perfused in vitro. Pfluegers Arch 341:131–142, 1973
  142. Slegers JFG, Moons WM, Idzerda PP, Stadhouders AM: The contribution of a chloride shunt to the transmucosal potential of the rabbit submaxillary duct. J Membr Biol 25:213–236, 1975
  143. Augustus J: Evidence for electrogenic sodium pumping in the ductal epithelium of rabbit salivary gland and its relationship with (Na + K+)-ATPase. Biochim Biophys Acta 419:63–75, 1976 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  144. Field MJ, Young JA: Kinetics of Na transport in the rat submaxillary main duct perfused in vitro. Pfluegers Arch 345:207–220, 1973
  145. Ussing HH, Windhager EE: Nature of shunt path and active sodium transport path through frog skin epithelium. Acta Physiol Scand 61:484–504, 1964 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  146. Reuss L, Finn AL: Passive electrical properties of toad urinary bladder epithelium: Intercellular electrical coupling and transepithelial cellular and shunt conductances. J Gen Physiol 64:1–25, 1974 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  147. Schneyer LH: Secretion of potassium by perfused excretory duct of rat submaxillary gland. Am J Physiol 217:1324–1329, 1969
  148. Schneyer LH: Amiloride inhibition of ion transport in perfused excretory duct of rat submaxillary gland. Am J Physiol 219:1050–1055, 1970
  149. Knauf H, Lübcke R: Evidence for Na+ independent active secretion of K+ and HCO3- by rat salivary duct epithelium. Pfluegers Arch 361:55–59, 1975
  150. Wais U, Knauf H: H+ transport and membrane-bound HCO3- ATPase in salivary duct epithelium. Pfluegers Arch 361:61–64, 1965
  151. Schneyer LH: Differential effects of cytochalasin B on Na and K transport in a perfused salivary duct. Am J Physiol 227:606–612, 1974
  152. Schneyer LH: Effects of calcium on Na, K transport by perfused main duct of rat submaxillary gland. Am J Physiol 226:821–826, 1974
  153. Mangos J: Transductal fluxes of Na, K, and water in the human eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 224:1235–1240, 1973
  154. Sato K: Current knowledge on the energy metabolism and the secretory mechanism of the eccrine sweat glands, in Secretory Mechanisms of Exocrine Glands (Alfred Benzon Symposium V), edited by Thorn NA, Petersen OH, Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1974, pp. 588–607
  155. Brusilow SW, Akai K, Gordes E: Comparative physiological aspects of solute secretion by the eccrine sweat gland of the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol 129:731–732, 1968
  156. Quatrale RP, Laden K: Solute and water secretion by the sweat glands of the rat. J Invest Dermatol 51:502–504, 1968 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  157. Alexander JH, Van Lennep EW, Young JA: Water and electrolyte secretion by the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat studied by micropuncture and catheterization techniques. Pfluegers Arch 337:299–309, 1972
  158. Mangos JA, McSherry NR: Micropuncture study of excretion of water and electrolytes by the pancreas. Am J Physiol 221:496–503, 1971
  159. Swanson CH, Solomon AK: A micropuncture investigation of the whole tissue mechanism of electrolyte secretion by the in vitro rabbit pancreas. J Gen Physiol 62:407–429, 1973
  160. Swanson CH, Solomon AK: Micropuncture analysis of the cellular mechanisms of electrolyte secretion by the in vitro rabbit pancreas. J Gen Physiol 65:22–45, 1975
  161. Mangos JA, McSherry NR, Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Irwin K: Secretion and transductal fluxes of ions in exocrine glands of the mouse. Am J Physiol 224:18–24, 1973
  162. Sewell WA, Young JA: Secretion of electrolytes by the pancreas of the anaesthetized rat. J Physiol (Lond) 252:379–396, 1975
  163. Ridderstap AS, Bonting SL: Na+-K+-activated ATPase and exocrine pancreatic secretion in vitro. Am J Physiol 217:1721–1727, 1969
  164. Linzell JL, Peaker M: Mechanism of milk secretion. Physiol Rev 51:564–597, 1971 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  165. Linzell JL, Peaker M: Intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the lactating mammary gland and their relation to the secretory mechanism. J Physiol (Lond) 216:683–700, 1971
  166. Linzell JL, Peaker M, Taylor JC: The effects of prolactin and oxytocin on milk secretion and on the permeability of the mammary epithelium in the rabbit. J Physiol (Lond) 253:547–563, 1975
  167. Peaker M, Taylor JC: Milk secretion in the rabbit: Changes during lactation and the mechanism of ion transport. J Physiol (Lond) 253:527–545, 1975
  168. Brew K: Secretion of alpha lactalbumin into milk and its relevance to the organisation and control of lactose synthetase. Nature 222:671–672, 1969 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  169. Linzell JL, Peaker M: The permeability of mammary ducts. J Physiol (Lond) 216:701–716, 1971
  170. Tuck RR, Setchell BP, Waites GMH, Young JA: The composition of fluid collected by micropuncture and catheterisation from the seminiferous tubules and rete testis of rats. Pfluegers Arch 318:225–243, 1970
  171. Levine N, Marsh DJ: Micropuncture studies of the electrochemical aspects of fluid and electrolyte transport in individual seminferous tubules, the epididymis and the vas deferens in the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 213:557–570, 1971
  172. Cuthbert AW, Wong PYD: Intracellular potentials in cells of the seminiferous tubules of rats. J Physiol (Lond) 248:173–191, 1975
  173. Smith CA, Lowry OH, Wu ML: Electrolytes of labyrinthine fluids. Laryngoscope 64:141–153, 1954 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  174. Johnstone BM, Sellick PM: The peripheral auditory apparatus. Q Rev Biophys 5:1–57, 1972 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  175. Von Békésy G: DC resting potentials inside the cochlear partition. J Acoust Soc Am 24:72–76, 1952
  176. Sellick PM, Bock GR: Evidence for an electrogenic potassium pump as the origin of the positive component of the endocochlear potential. Pfluegers Arch 352:351–361, 1974
  177. Fernandez C: The effect of oxygen lack on cochlear potentials. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 64:1193–1203, 1955
  178. Kuijpers W, Bonting SL: The cochlear potentials: 1. The effect of ouabain on the cochlear potentials of the guinea pig. Pfluegers Arch 320:348–358, 1970
  179. Kuijpers W, Bonting SL: The cochlear potentials: II. The nature of the cochlear endolymphatic resting potential. Pfluegers Arch 320:359–372, 1970
  180. Sellick PM, Johnstone BM: Differential effects of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on the labyrinthine potentials. Pfluegers Arch 352:339–350, 1974
  181. Chou JTY, Rodgers K: Respiration of tissues lining the mammalian membranous labyrinth. J Laryngol Otol 76:341–351, 1962
  182. Cohen ES, Gordes EH, Brusilov SW: Ethacrynic acid effect on the composition of cochlear fluids. Science 171:910–911, 1971
  183. Konishi T, Mendelsohn M: Effect of ouabain on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition in guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 69:192–199, 1970
  184. Tanaka Y, Brown PG: Action of the metabolic inhibitors and energy rich phosphate compounds on cochlear potentials. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 79:338–351, 1970
  185. Simon EJ, Hilding DA, Kashgarian M: Micropuncture study of the mechanism of endolymph production in the frog. Am J Physiol 225:114–118, 1973
  186. Ames A III, Higashi K, Nesbett FB: Relation of potassium concentration in choroid plexus fluid to that in plasma. J Physiol (Lond) 181:506–515, 1965
  187. Bradbury MWB, S brevetulcová B: Efflux mechanism contributing to the stability of the potassium concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. J Physiol (Lond) 208:415–430, 1970
  188. Ames A III, Higashi K, Nesbett FB: Effects of PCO2, aceta-zolamide and ouabain on volume and composition of choroid-plexus fluid. J Physiol (Lond) 181:516–524, 1965
  189. Wright EM: Mechanisms of ion transport across the choroid plexus. J Physiol (Lond) 226:545–571, 1972
  190. Quinton PM, Wright EM, Tormey JM: Localization of sodium pumps in the choroid plexus epithelium. J Cell Biol 58:724–730, 1973
  191. Wright EM: Active transport of iodide and other anions across the choroid plexus. J Physiol (Lond) 240:535–566, 1974
  192. Welch K, Sadler K: Electrical potentials of choroid plexus of the rabbit. J Neurosurg 22:344–351, 1965
  193. Powell DW, Morris SM, Boyd DD: Water and electrolyte transport by rabbit esophagus. Am J Physiol 229:438–443, 1975
  194. Sernka JG, Hogben CAM: Active ion transport by isolated gastric mucosa of rat and guinea pig. Am J Physiol 217:1419–1424, 1969
  195. Fromm D, Schwartz JH, Quijano R: Transport of H+ and other electrolytes across isolated gastric mucosa of the rabbit. Am J Physiol 228:166–171, 1975
  196. Davenport HW: Potassium fluxes across the resting and stimulated gastric mucosa: Injury of salicylic and acetic acids. Gastroenterology 49:238–245, 1965
  197. Frizzell RA, Schultz SG: Ionic conductances of extracellular shunt pathway in rabbit ileum: Influence of shunt on transmural Na transport and electrical potential differences. J Gen Physiol 59:318–346, 1972 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  198. Gilman A, Koelle E, Ritchie JM: Transport of potassium in the rat's intestine. Nature 197:1210–1211, 1963
  199. Phillips SF, Code CF: Sorption of potassium in the small and the large intestine. Am J Physiol 211:607–613, 1966
  200. Modigliani R, Bernier JJ: Effects of glucose on net and unidirectional movements of water and electrolytes in the human small intestine. Biol Gastroenterol (Paris) 5:165–174, 1972
  201. Turnberg LA: Mechanisms of potassium transport in the human small intestine, in Transport Across the Intestine (A Glaxo Symposium), edited by Burland WL, Samuel PD, London, Churchill Livingston, 1972
  202. Dennhardt R, Haberich FJ: Die wirkung aktiv transportierter Zucker auf den Natrium—, Kalium—und Volumentransport am Jejunum und Ileum der Ratte. Pfluegers Arch 345:221–236, 1973
  203. Fromm D, Dibala RP, Sullivan HW Jr: Ion transport by rabbit jejunum in vivo. Am J Physiol 228:160–165, 1975
  204. Koopman W, Schultz SG: The effect of sugars and amino acids on mucosal Na and K concentrations in rabbit ileum. Biochim Biophys Acta 173:338–340, 1969
  205. Armstrong WM: Electrophysiology of sodium transport by epithelial cells of the small intestine, in Intestinal Absorption and Malabsorption, edited by Csáky TZ, New York, Raven Press, 1975
  206. Parkinson DK, Ebel H, DiBona DR, Sharp GWG: Localization of the action of cholera toxin on adenyl cyclase in mucosal epithelial cells of rabbit intestine. J Clin Invest 51:2292–2298, 1972 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  207. Edmonds CJ: The gradient of electrical potential difference and of sodium and potassium of the gut contents along the caecum and colon of normal and sodium-depleted rats. J Physiol (Lond) 193:571–588, 1967
  208. Giller J, Phillips SF: Electrolyte absorption and secretion in the human colon. Am J Dig Dis 17:1003–1011, 1972
  209. Edmonds CJ, Marriot J: Electrical potential and short circuit current of an in vitro preparation of rat colon mucosa. J Physiol (Lond) 194:479–494, 1968
  210. Copperstein IL, Brockman SK: The electrical potential difference generated by the large intestine: Its relation to electrolyte and water transfer. J Clin Invest 38:435–442, 1959
  211. Devroede GJ, Phillips SF: Studies of the perfusion technique for colonic absorption. Gastroenterology 56:92–100, 1969
  212. Bentley PJ, Smith MW: Transport of electrolytes across the helicoidal colon of the new-born pig. J Physiol (Lond) 249:103–117, 1975
  213. Salas-Coll C, Kermode J, Edmonds CJ: Potassium transport across distal colonic mucosa in man. Gut 16:408, 1975
  214. Yau WM, Makhlouf GM: Comparison of transport mechanisms in isolated ascending and descending rat colon. Am J Physiol 228:191–195, 1975
  215. Archampong EQ, Harris J, Clark CG: The absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes across the healthy and the diseased human colonic mucosa measured in vivo. Gut 13:880–886, 1972
  216. Levitan R, Ingelfinger FJ: Effect of d-aldosterone on salt and water absorption from the intact human colon. J Clin Invest 44:801–808, 1965 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  217. Shields R, Mulholland AT, Elmslie RG: Action of aldosterone upon the intestinal transport of potassium, sodium and water. Gut 7:686–696, 1966
  218. Edmonds CJ, Marriot J: Sodium transport and short circuit current in rat colon in vivo and the effect of aldosterone. J Physiol (Lond) 210:1021–1039, 1970
  219. Dolman D, Edmonds CJ: The effect of aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system on sodium, potassium and chloride transport by proximal and distal rat colon in vivo. J Physiol (Lond) 250:597–611, 1975
  220. Silva P, Charney AN, Epstein FH: Potassium adaptation and Na-K-ATPase activity in mucosa of colon. Am J Physiol 229:1576–1579, 1975
  221. Charney AN, Kinsey MD, Myers L, Giannella RA, Gots RE: Na +-K + -activated adenosine triphosphatase and intestinal electrolyte transport: Effect of adrenal steroids. J Clin Invest 56:653–660, 1975
  222. Wright FS: Sites and mechanisms of potassium transport along the renal tubule. Kidney Int 11:415–432, 1977, this issue
  223. De Mello-Aires M, Giebisch G, Malnic G: Kinetics of potassium transport across single distal tubules of rat kidney. J Physiol (Lond) 232:47–70, 1973
  224. Malnic G, Giebisch G: Some electrical properties of distal tubular epithelium in the rat. Am J Physiol 233:797–808, 1972
  225. Woodhall PB, Tisher CC: Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat. J Clin Invest 52:3095–3108, 1973
  226. Giebisch G, Sullivan LP, Whittembury G: Relationship between tubular sodium reabsorption and peritubular potassium uptake in the perfused Necturus kidney. J Physiol (Lond) 230:51–74, 1973
  227. Khuri RN, Wiederholt M, Strieder N, Giebisch G: Effects of flow rate and potassium intake on distal tubular potassium transfer. Am J Physiol 228:1249–1261, 1975
  228. Reineck HJ, Osgood RW, Ferris TF, Stein JH: Potassium transport in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the rat. Am J Physiol 229:1403–1409, 1975
  229. Sharp GWG, Leaf A: Aldosterone, in Handbook of Physiology Section 8, Renal Physiology, edited by Orloff J, Berliner RW, Washington, D.C., American Physiological Society, 1973
  230. Wiederholt M, Schoormans W, Fischer F, Behn C: Mechanism of action of aldosterone on potassium transfer in the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 345:159–178, 1973
  231. Strieder N, Khuri R, Wiederholt M, Giebisch G: Studies on the renal action of ouabain in the rat: Effects in the non-diuretic state. Pfluegers Arch 349:91–107, 1974
  232. Munck BG, Schultz SG: Properties of the passive conductance pathway across in vitro rat jejunum. J Memhr Biol 16:163–174, 1974
  233. Grantham JJ, Burg MB, Orloff J: The nature of transtubular Na and K transport in isolated rabbit renal collecting tubules. J Clin Invest 49:1815–1826, 1970 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  234. Stoner LC, Burg MB, Orloff J: Ion transport in cortical collecting tubule: Effect of amiloride. Am J Physiol 453–459, 1974 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  235. Boudry JF, Stoner LC, Burg MB: Effect of acid lumen pH on potassium transport in renal cortical collecting tubules. Am J Physiol 230:239–244, 1976 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  236. Shagrin J, Young JA: A micropuncture investigation of the cation of content and osmolality of colloid from single rat thyroid acini. Pfluegers Arch 307:204–210, 1969
  237. Hayden LJ, Shagrin JM, Young JA: Micropuncture investigation of the anion content of colloid from single rat thyroid follicles. Pfluegers Arch 321:173–186, 1970
  238. Young JA, Hayden LJ, Shagrin JM: Micropuncture investigation of the effect of altered thyroid function on the cation concentrations and equilibrium potentials in rat thyroid colloid. Pfluegers Arch 321:187–196, 1970
  239. Woodbury DM, Woodbury JW: Correlation of microelectrode potential recordings with histology of rat and guinea pig thyroid glands. J Physiol (Lond) 169:553–567, 1963
  240. Wolff J, Halmi NS: Thyroidal iodide transport: V. The role of Na+-K+ activated ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 238:847–851, 1963 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  241. Harvey WR, Zerahn K: Active transport of potassium and other alkali metals by the isolated midgut of the silkworm, in Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, edited by Bronner F, Kleinzeller A, London, Academic Press, vol. 3, 1972
  242. Haskell J, Clemons RD: Metabolic inhibitors and active potassium transport across the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia (abstr.). J Cell Biol 19:32A, 1963
  243. Harvey WR, Nedergaard S: Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 51:757–765, 1964
  244. Harvey WR, Wood JL: The route of cation transport across the silkworm midgut, in Transport Mechanisms in Epithelia (Alfred Benzon Symposium V), edited by Ussing HH, Thorn NA, Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1973
  245. Wood JL, Harvey WR: Active transport of potassium by the cecropia midgut; tracer kinetic theory and transport pool size. J Exp Biol 63:301–311, 1975
  246. Zerahn K: Properties of the cation pump in the midgut of Hyalophora cecropia, in Transport Mechanisms in Epithelia (Alfred Benzon Symposium V), edited by Ussing HH, Thorn NA, Coppenhagen, Munksgaard, 1973
  247. Ramsay JA: Active transport of potassium by the Malpighian tubules of insects. J Exp Biol 30:358–369, 1953
  248. Ramsay JA: The excretion of sodium, potassium and water by the Malphigian tubules of the stick insect Dixippus morosus (Orthoptera Phasmidae). J Exp Biol 32:200–216, 1955 | ISI | ChemPort |
  249. Maddrell SHP: Fluid secretion by the Malpighian tubules of insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 262:197–207, 1971
  250. Berridge MJ: Ion and water transport across epithelia, in Insects and Physiology, edited by Beament JWL, Treherne JE, Edinburgh and London, Oliver and Boyd, 1967
  251. Berridge MJ: Urine formation by the Malpighian tubules of Calliphora: I. Cations. J Exp Biol 48:159–174, 1968
  252. Jungreis AM, Harvey WR: Role of active potassium transport by integumentary epithelium in secretion of larval-pupal moulting fluid during silkmoth development. J Exp Biol 62:357–366, 1975
  253. Kafatos FC: The labial gland: A salt-secreting organ of Saturniid moths. J Exp Biol 48:435–453, 1968
  254. Bentley PJ: The effects of vasopressin on the sec across the wall of the isolated bladder of the toad Bufo marinu. J Endocrinol 21:161–170, 1960
  255. Hays RM, Leaf A: The problem of clinical vasopressin resistance: In vitro studies. Ann Intern Med 54:700–709, 1961 | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  256. Knauf H: The minimum requirements for the maintenance of active sodium transport across the isolated salivary duct epithelium of the rabbit. Pfluegers Arch 333:326–336, 1972
  257. Robinson BA, Macknight ADC: Relationships between serosal medium potassium concentration and sodium transport in toad urinary bladder: I. Effects of different medium potassium concentrations on electrical parameters. J Membr Biol 26:217–238, 1976
  258. Essig A, Leaf A: The role of potassium in active transport of sodium by the toad bladder. J Gen Physiol 46:505–515, 1963 | Article | ChemPort |
  259. Essig A: Active sodium transport in toad bladder despite removal of serosal potassium. Am J Physiol 208:401–406, 1965 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  260. Suelter CH: Enzymes activated by monovalent cations. Science 168:789–795, 1970 | PubMed | ChemPort |
  261. Näslund PH, Hultin T: Structural and functional defects in mammalian ribosomes after potassium deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 254:104–116, 1971
  262. Sealey JE, Laragh JH: A proposed cybernetic system for sodium and potassium homeostasis: coordination of aldosterone and intrarenal physical factors. Kidney Int 6:281–290, 1974
  263. Nellans HN, Schultz SG: Relations among transepithelial sodium transport, potassium exchange, and cell volume in rabbit ileum. J Gen Physiol 68:441–463, 1976 | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  264. Frizzell RA, Jennings BL: Potassium influx across basolateral membranes of rabbit colon: Relation to sodium absorption. Fed Proc 36: abstract no. 482, 1977

Extra navigation

.
ADVERTISEMENT