Communication

Journal of Investigative Dermatology (1996) 106, 198–204; doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12330326

Skin-Nervous System Interactions

John C Ansel1, Alan H Kaynard2, Cheryl A Armstrong1, John Olerud3, Nigel Bunnett4 and Donald Payan5

  1. 1Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
  2. 2Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
  3. 3Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  4. 4Department of Physiology and Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
  5. 5Kepri Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Top

References

  1. Bernstein, J: Neuropeptides and the skin. In: Goldsmith L (ed.). Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of the Skin 1991, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 816–835
  2. Eedy, D: Neuropeptides in skin. Br J Dermatol 1993 128: 597–605,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  3. Hosoi, J, Murphy, G, Egan, C, Lerner, E, Grahhe, S, Asahina, A, Granstein, R: Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 1993 363: 159–163,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  4. Baraniuk, J, Marek, L, Kowalski, L, Kaliner, M: Neuropeptides in the skin. In: Bos J (ed.). Skin Immunology 1990, CRC Press. Boca Raton, pp 307–326
  5. Pincelli, C, Rantini, F, Giannetti, A: Neuropeptides and skin inflammation. Dermatology 1993 187: 153–158,
  6. Holzer, P: Local elfector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides. Neuroscience 1988 24: 739–768,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  7. Chapman, L, Goodell, H: The participation of the nervous system in the inflammatory reaction. Ann NY Acad Sci 1964 116: 990–1017,
  8. Jancso, N, Jancsó-Gábor, A, Szolcsányi, J: Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol 1967 31: 138–151,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  9. Foreman, J, Jordan, C: Neurogenic inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1984 5: 116–119,  | Article | ISI | ChemPort |
  10. Nilsson, J. von, Euler, A, Dalsgaard, C-J: Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K. Nature 1985 315: 61–63,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  11. Tanaka, T, Danno, K, Ikai, K, Imamura, S: Effects of substance P and substance K on the growth of cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1988 90: 399–401,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  12. Skofitsch, G, Jacobowitz, D: Calcitonin gene-related pep Tide coexists with substance P in capsaicin sensitive neurons and sensory ganglia of the rat. Peptides 1985 6: 747–754,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  13. Brain, S, Williams, T, Tippins, J, Morris, H, Maclutyre, I: Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature 1985 313: 54–56,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  14. Haegerstrand, A, Dalsgaard, C-J, Jonzon, B, Larsson, O, Nilsson, J: Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates proliferation of human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87: 3299–3303,
  15. Dalsgaard, C-J, Hägerstrand, A, Theodorsson-Norheim, E, Brodin, E, Hökfelt, T, Neurokinin, A: Like immunoreactivity in rat primary sensory neurons: coexistence with substance P. Histochemistry 1085 83: 37–39,
  16. Nilsson, J, Sejersen, T, Nilsson, A, Dalsgaard, C-J: DNA synthesis induced by the neuropeptide substance K correlates to the level of myc-gene transcripts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986 137: 167–174,
  17. Williams, T: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is more potent than prostaglandin E2 as a vasodilator and oedema potentiator in rabbit skin. Br J Pharmacol 1982 77: 505–509,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  18. Leah, H, Cameron, A, Kelly, W, Snow, P: Coexistence of peptide immunoreactivity in sensory neurons of the cat. Neuroscience 1985 16: 683–690,
  19. Haegerstrand, A, Jonzon, B, Dalsgaard, C-J, Nilsson, J: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulates cell proliferation and adeylate cyclase activity of cultured human keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989 86: 5993–5996,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  20. Rabier, M, Farber, E, Wilkinson, D: Neuropeptides modulate leukotriene B4 mitogenicity toward cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Darmatol 1993 100: 132–136,
  21. Barber, R, Vaughn, J, Slemmon, J, Salvaterra, P, Roberts, E, Leeman, S: The origin, distribution and synaptic relationships of substance P axons in rat spinal cord. J Comparative Neurol 1979 184: 331–351,
  22. Ulrich, A, Gray, A, Berman, C, Dull, T: Human beta-nerve growth factor gene sequence is highly homologous to that of mouse. Nature 1983 303: 821–825,  | Article |
  23. Diamond, J, Holmes, M, Coughlin, M: Endogenous NGF and nerve impulses regulate the collateral sprouting of sensory axons in the skin of the adult rat. J Neurosci 1992 12: 1454–1466,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  24. Kalcheim, C, Barde, Y-A, Thoenen, H, Le Douarin, N: in vivo effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the survival of developing dorsal root ganglion cells. EMBO J 1987 6: 2871–2873,
  25. Leibrock, J, Lottspeich, F, Hohn, A: Molecular cloning and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 1989 341: 149–152,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  26. Ernfors, P, Ibánez, C, Ehendal, T, Olson, L, Persson, H: Molecular cloning and neurotrophic activities of a protein with structural similarities to nerve growth factor: developmental and topographical expression in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87: 5454–5458,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  27. Berkemeier, L, Winslow, J, Kaplan, D, Nikolics, K, Goeddel, D, Rosenthal, A: Neurotrophin-5: a novel neurotrophic factor that activates trk and trkB. Neuron 1991 7: 857–866,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  28. Tron, V, Coughlin, M, Jang, D, Stanisz, J, Sauder, D: Expression and modulation of nerve growth factor in murine keratinocytes (PAM 212). J Clin Invest 1990 85: 1085–1089,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  29. Di Marco, E, Marshisio, P, Bondanza, S, Franzi, A, Cancedda, R, De Luca, M: Growth-regulated synthesis and secretion of biologically active nerve growth factor by human keratinocytes. J Biol Client 1991 266: 21718–21722,
  30. Hokfelt, T, Johansson, O, Ljungdahl, A, Lundberg, J, Schultzberg, M: Petidergic neurons. Nature 1980 284: 515–521,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  31. Pernow, B: Substance P. Pharmacol Rev 1983 35: 85–141,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  32. Pickel, V, Reis, D, Leeman, SE: Ultrastructural localization of substance P in neurons of rat spinal cord. Brain Res 1977 122: 534–540,  | Article | ISI | ChemPort |
  33. Nawa, H, Kotani, H, Nakanishi, S: Tissue-specific generation of two preoprotachykinin mRNAs from one gene by alternative RNA splicing. Nature 1984 312: 729–734,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  34. Lynch, D, Snyder, S: Neuropeprides: multiple molecular forms, metabolic pathways, and receptors. Annu Rev Biochem 1986 55: 773–799,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  35. Tatemoto, K, Lundberg, J, Jörnvall, H, Mutt, V: Neropeptide K: isolation, structure and biological activities of a novel brain tachykinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985 128: 947–953,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  36. Nakanishi, S: Substance P precursor and Kininogen: their structures, gene organizations, and regulation. Physiol Rev 1987 67: 1117–1142,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  37. Burcher, E, Buck, SH: Multiple binding sites in hamster, rat, and guinea-pig urinary bladder. Em J Phamiacol 1986 128: 165–177,
  38. Muramatsu, I, Nakanishi, S, Fujiwara, M: Comparison of the responses to the sensory neuropeptides, substance P, neurokinin A, neurokinin B and calcitonin gene-related peptide and to trigeminal nerve stimulation in the iris sphincter muscle of the rabbit. Jpn J Pharmacol 1987 44: 85–92,
  39. Roques, B, Foumie-Zaluski, M, Soroca, E, Lecomte, J, Malfroy, B, Llorens, C: The enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan shows antinociceptive activity in mice. Nature 1980 288: 286–288,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  40. Matsas, R: Fulcher, I: Kenny, A: Turner, A: Substance P and [Leu]enkephalin are hydrolyzed by an enzyme in pig caudate synaptic membranes that is identical with the endopetidase of kidney microvilli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 80: 3111–3115,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  41. Matsas, R, Kenny, A, Turner, A: The metabolism of neuropeptides. The hydrolysis of peptides, including enkephalins, tachykinins and their analogues. Biochem J 1984 223: 433–440,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  42. Hershey, A, Krause, J: Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA encoding the rat substance P receptor. Science 1990 247: 958–962,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  43. Hershey, A, Dykema, P, Krause, J: Organization, structure, and expression of a gene encoding the rat substance P receptor. J Biol Client 1991 226: 4366–4374,
  44. Takeda, Y, Chou, K, Taked, J, Sachais, B, Krause, J: Molecular cloning, structural characterization and functional expression of the human substance P receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991 179: 1232–1240,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  45. Sasai, Y, Nakanishi, S: Molecular characterization of rat substance K receptor and its mRNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989 165: 695–702,
  46. Gerard, N, Edy, RJ, Shows, T, Gerard, C: The human neurokinin A (substance K) receptor. Molecular cloning of the gene, chromosomal localization, and isolation of cDNA from tracheal and gastric tissues. J Biol Chem 1990 265: 20455–20482,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  47. Maggio, J: Tachykinins. Annu Rev Neurosci 1988 11: 13–28,
  48. Quirion, R, Dam, T: Multiple neurokinin receptors: recent developments. Regul Pept 1988 22: 18–25,
  49. Helke, C, Krause, J, Mantyh, P, Couture, R, Bannon, M: Diversity in tachykinin peptidergic neurons: multiple peptides, receptors and regulatory mechanisms. FASEB J 1990 4: 1606–1615,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  50. Tsuchida, K, Shigemoto, R, Yokota, Y, Nakanishi, S: Tissue distribution and quantitation of the mRNAs for three rat tachykinin receptors. Eur J Biochem 1990 193: 751–757,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  51. Buck, S, Heike, C, Burcher, E, Shults, C, O'Donohue, T: Pharmacologic characterization and autoradiographic distribution of binding sites for iodinated tachykinins in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 1986 7: 1109–1120,
  52. Saffroy, M, Beaujouan, J-C, Torrens, Y, Besseyre, J, Bergström, L, Glowinski, J: Localization of tachykinin binding sites (NK1, NK2, NK3 ligands) in the rat brain. Peptides 1988 9: 227–241,
  53. Mantyh, P, Gates, T, Mantyh, C, Maggio, J: J Neurosci 1989 9: 258–279,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  54. Hershey, A, Plenzani, L, Woodward, R, Miledi, R, Krause, J: Molecular and genetic characterization, functional expression, and mRNA expression patterns of a rat substance P receptor. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991 632: 63–78,
  55. Krause, J, Takeda, Y, Hershey, A: Structure, functions, and mechanisms of substance P receptor action. J Invest Dermatol 1992 98: 2S–7S,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  56. Ansel, J, Brown, J, Payan, D, Brown, M: Substance P selectively activates TNF-a gene expression in murine mast cells. J Immunol 1993 150: 1–8,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  57. Brown, J, Perry, P, Hefeneider, S, Ansel, J: Neuropeptide modulation of keratinocyte cytokine production. In: Oppenheim, Powanda, Kluger, Dinarcllo (eds.). Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cytokines 1990. Wiley-Liss. Inc.. pp 451–456
  58. Matis, W, Lavker, R, Murphy, G: Substance P induces the expression of an endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule by microvascular endothelium. J Invest Dermatol 1990 94: 492–495,
  59. Greeno, E, Mantyh, P, Vercellotti, G, Moldow, C: Functional neurokinin 1 receptors for substance P are expressed by human vascular endothelium. J Exp Med 1992 45: 1269–1276,
  60. Phillis, J, Limacher, J: Substance P excitation of cerebral cortical Betz cells. Brain Res 1974 69: 158–163,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  61. Rivier, C, Brown, M, Vale, W: Effect of neurotensin, substance P and morphine sulfate on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 1977 100: 751–754,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  62. Vijayan, E, McCann, S: in vivo and in vitro effects of substance P and neurotensin on gonadotropin and prolactin release. Endocrinology 1979 105: 64–68,
  63. Eckstein, N, Wehrenberg, W, Louis, K, Carmel, P, Zimmermann, E, Frantz, A: Effects of substance P on anterior pituitary secretion in the female rhesus monkey. Neuroendocrinology 1980 31: 338–342,
  64. Arisawa, M, De Palatis, L, Ho, R: Stimulatory role of substance P on gonadotropin release in ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 1990 51: 523–529,
  65. Traczyk, W, Pau, K-YF, Kaynard, A, Spies, H: Modulatory role of substance P on gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the rabbit. J Physiol Pharmacol 1992 43: 279–298,
  66. Hedner, T, Hedner, J, Jonason, J, Lundberg, D: Evidence suggesting a role for substance P in central respiratory regulation in the rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1981 112: 487–489,
  67. Yamamoto, Y, Lagererantz, H, von Euler, C: Effects of substance P and TRH on ventilation and pattern of breathing in newborn rabbits. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1981 113: 541–543,
  68. Rossell, S: Bjorkroth, U: Chang, D: et al. In: von Euler U. Pernow B (eds.). Substance P 1977, Raven Press, New York, p 83
  69. Bury, R, Mahford, M: Interactions between local anesthetics and spasmogens on the guinea-pig ileum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976 197: 633–640,
  70. Lundberg, J, Saria, A, Brodin, E, Resell, S, Folkers, K: A substance P antagonist inhibits vagally induced increase in vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in the guinea pig. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 80: 1120–1124.
  71. Lundberg, J, Saria, A: Bronchial smooth muscle contraction induced by stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1982 116: 473–476,
  72. Lundberg, J, Saria, A: Capsaicin-induced desensitization of airway mucosa to cigarette smoke, mechanical and chemical irritants. Nature 1983 302: 251–253,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  73. Bernstein, J, Hamill, J: Substance P. J Invest Dennatol 1981 77: 250–251,
  74. Borson, D, Corrales, R, Varsano, S, Gold, M, Viro, N, Caughey, G: Enkephalinase inhibitors potentiate substance P-induced secretion of 35SO4-macromolecules from ferret trachea. Exp Lung Res 1987 12: 21–36,
  75. Liang, T, Cascieri, M: Substance P stimulation of amylase release by isolated parotid cells and inhibition of substance P induction of salivation by vasoactive peptides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1979 15: 151–162,
  76. Sjodin, L, Conlon, T, Gustavson, C, Uddholm, K: Interaction of substance P with dispersed pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig. Acta Physiologcal Scandinavica 1984 120: 21–26,
  77. Brown, M, Vale, W: Effects of neurotensin and substance P on plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels. Endocrinology 1976 98: 819–822,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  78. Kaneto, A, Kaneko, T, Kajinuma, H, Kosaka, K: Effects of substance P and neurotensin infused intrapancratically on glucagon and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 1978 102: 393–401,
  79. Lundquist, I, Sundler, F, Ahren, B, Alumets, J, Hakanson, R: Somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, substance P, and neurotensin: cellular distribution and effects on stimulated insulin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 1979 104: 832–838,
  80. Skrabanek, P, Cannon, D, Kirrane, J, Legge, D, Powell, D: Circulating immuno reactive substance P in man. Irish J Med Sci 1976 145: 399–408,
  81. Powell, D, Skrabanek, P, Cannon, D: In: von Euler U, Pernow B (eds.). Substance P 1977, Raven Press, New York p 35,
  82. Powell, D, Skrabanek, P, Cannon, D, Balfe, A: In: Marsan C, Traczyk W (eds.). Neuropeptides and Neural Transmissions 1980, Raven Press, New York, p 105,
  83. Pernow, B, Rosell, S: Effect of substance P on blood flow in canine adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1975 93: 139–141,
  84. Burcher, E, Atterhog, J, Pernow, B, Rosell, S: In: von Euler U, Pernow B (eds.). Substance P 1977, Raven Press, New York, p 261,
  85. Eklund, B, Jogenstrand, T, Pernow, B: In: von Euler U, Pernow B (eds.). Substance P 1977, Raven Press, New York, p 275
  86. Hokfelt, T, Kellerth, J, Nilsson, G, Pernow, B: Substance P: localization in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons. Science 1975 190: 889–890,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  87. Bolton, T, Clapp, L: Endothelial-dependent relaxant actions of carbachol and substance P in arterial smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1986 87: 713–715,
  88. Cuello, A, Del Fiacco, M, Paxinos, G: The central and peripheral ends of the substance P-containing sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal system. Brain Res 1978 152: 499–500,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  89. Bill, A, Stjernschantz, J, Mandahl, A, Brodin, E, Nilsson, G: Substance P: release on trigeminal nerve stimulation, effects in the eye. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1979 106: 371–373,
  90. Olgart, L, Gazelius, B, Brodin, E, Nilsson, G: Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from the dental pulp. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1977 101: 510–512,
  91. Lembeck, F, Holzer, P: Substance P as neurogenic mediator of antidromic vasodilation and neurogenic plasma extravasation. Naunyu-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1979 310: 175–183,
  92. Erjavec, F, Lembeck, F, Florjanc-Irman, T: Release of histamine by substance P. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1981 317: 67–70,
  93. Coutts, A, Jorizzo, J, Greaves, M, Burnstock, G: Mechanism of vasodilatation due to substance P in humans. Br J Dermatol 1981 105: 354–355,
  94. Devillier, P, Regoli, O, Asseraf, A, Descours, B, Marsac, J, Renoux, M: Histamine release and local responses of rat and human skin to substance P and other mammalian tachykinins. Pharmacology 1986 32: 340–347,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  95. Hagermark, O, Hokfelt, T, Pernow, B: Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1978 71: 233–235,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  96. Barnes, P, Brown, M, Dollery, C, Fuller, R, Heavey, D, Ind, P: Histamine is released from skin by substance P but does not act as the final vasodilator in the axon reflex. Br J Pharmacol 1986 88: 741–745,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  97. Foreman, J, Jordan, C, Oehme, P, Renner, H: Structure-activity relationships for some substance P-related peptides that cause wheat and flare reactions in human skin. J Physiol 1983 335: 449–465,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  98. Payan, D, Brewster, D, Goetzl, E: Specific stimulation of human T lymphocytes by substance P. J Immunol 1983 131: 1613–1615,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  99. Stanisz, A, Befus, D, Bienenstock, J: Differential effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, and somatostatin on immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. J Immunol 1987 136: 152–156,
  100. Scicchitano, R, Bienenstock, J, Stanisz, A: in vivo immunomodulation by the neuropeptide substance P. Immunology 1988 63: 733–735,
  101. Levine, J, Clark, R, Devor, M, Helms, C, Moskowitz, M, Basbaum, A: Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science 1984 226: 547–549,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  102. Pascual, D, Xu-Amano, J, Kiyono, H, McGee, J, Bout, K: Substance P acts directly upon cloned B lymphoma cells to enhance IgA and IgM production. J Immunol 1991 146: 2130–2136,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  103. McGillis, J, Mitsuhashi, M, Payan, D: Immunologic properties of substance P. In: Ader R, Felten D, Cohen N (eds.). Psychoneuroimmunology 1991, Academic Press, San Diego, pp 209–223
  104. Calvo, C-F, Chavenel, G, Senik, A: Substance P enhances IL-2 expression in activated human T cells. J lmmunol 1992 148: 3498–3504,
  105. Payan, D, Levine, J, Goetzl, E: Modulation of immunity and hypersensitivity by sensory neuropeptides. J Immunol 1984 132: 1601–1604,
  106. Baxter, J, Adamik, R: Differences in requirements and actions of various histamine-releasing agents. Biochem Pharmacol 1978 27: 497–503,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  107. Hartung, H, Toyka, K: Activation of macrophages by substance P: induction of oxidative burst and thromboxane release. Eur J Pharmacol 1983 89: 301–305,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  108. Payan, D: Receptor-mediated mitogenic effects of substance P on cultured smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985 130: 104–109,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  109. Ziche, M, Morbidelli, L, Pacini, M, Geppetti, P, Alesandri, G: Substance P stimulated neovascularization in vivo and proliferation of cultured endothelial cells. Microvascular Res 1990 40: 264–266,
  110. Silver, A: The Biology of Cholinesterases 1974 Elsevier, Amsterdam,
  111. Iversen, L: In: Iversen L, Iversen S, Synder S (eds.). Handbook of Psychopharmacology 1978 3: Plenum Press, New York, pp 381–442
  112. Bunnett, N: Release and breakdown. Postsecretory metabolism of peptides. Am Rev Respiratory Dis 1987 136: 27–34,
  113. Wong-Leung, Y, Kenny, A: Some properties of a microsomal peptidase in rat kidney. Biochem J 1968 110: 5P,
  114. Kerr, M, Kenny, A: The purification and specificity of a neutral endopeptidase from rabbit kidney brush border. Biochem J 1974 137: 477–488,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  115. Kerr, M, Kenny, A: The molecular weight and properties of a neutral metaloendopeptidase from rabbit kidney brush border. Biochemical J 1974 137: 489–495,
  116. Malfroy, B, Swerts, J, Guyon, A, Roques, B, Schwartz, J: High-affinity enkephalindegrading peptidase in brain is increased after morphine. Nature 1978 276: 523–526,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  117. Matsas, R, Kenny, A, Turner, A: The metabolism of neuropeptides. The hydrolysis of peptides. including enkephalins, tachykinins, and their analogs, by endopeptidase 24.11. Biochem J 1984 223: 433–440,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  118. Turner, A: Chapter 10. In: Turner A (ed.). Neuropeptides and Their Peptidases 1987, VCH Publishers, New York, pp 183–201
  119. Bunnett, N, Turner, A, Hryszko, J, Kobayashi, R, Walsh, J: Isolation of endopeptidase-24.11 (EC3.4.24.11, "enkephalinase") from the pig stomach. Gastroenterology 1988 95: 952–957,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  120. de la Baume, S, Gros, C, Yi, C: Selective participation of both "enkephalinase" and aminopeptidase activities in the metabolism of endogenous enkephalins. Life Sci 1982 31: 1753–1766,
  121. Waksman, G, Bouboutou, R, Devin, J: in vitro and in vivo effects of kelatorphan on enkephalin metabolism in rodent brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1985 117: 233–243,
  122. Caillet, P, Marcais-Collado, H, Costentin, J, Yi, C, de la Baume, S, Schwartz, J: Inhibition of enkephalin metabolism by, and antinociceptive activity of, bestatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 1983 86: 329–336,
  123. Erdos, E, Skidgel, R: Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase) and related regulators of peptide hormones. FASEB J 1989 3: 145–151,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  124. Dusser, D, Umeno, E, Graf, P, Djokie, T, Borson, D, Nadel, J: Airway neutral endopeptidase-like enzyme modulates tachykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo. J Appl Physiol 1988 65: 2585–2591,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  125. Kohrogi, H, Graf, P, Sekizawa, K, Borson, D, Nadel, J: Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors potentiate substance P- and capsaicin-induced cough in awake guinea pigs. J Clin Invest 1988 82: 2063–2068,
  126. Umeno, E, Nadel, J, Huang, H-T, McDonald, D: Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase potentiates neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. J Appl Physiol 1989 66: 2647–2652,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  127. Shipp, M, Tarr, G, Chen, C-Y: et al: CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 hydrolyzes bombesin-like peptides and regulates the growth of small cell carcinomas of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991 88: 10662–10666,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  128. Shipp, M, Stefano, G, D'Adamio, L: Down-regulation of enkephalinmediated inflammatory responses by CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11. Nature 1991 347: 394–396,
  129. Borson, D, Brokaw, J, Sekizawa, K, McDonald, D, Nadel, J: Neutral endopeptidase and neurogenic inflammation in rats with respiratory infections. J Appl Physiol 1989 66: 2653–2658,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  130. Hwang, L, Leichter, R, Okamoto, A, Payan, D, Collins, S, Bunnett, N: Downregulation of neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) in the inflamed rat intestine. Am J Physiol 1993 264: 735–743,
  131. Borson, D, Gruenert, D: Glucocorticoids induce neutral endopeptidase in transformed human tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1991 260: 83–89,
  132. Ihara, H, Nakanishi, S: J Biol Chem 1990 265: 22441–22445,
  133. Cohen, S, Levi-Montaleini, R, Hamburger, V: A nerve growth stimulating factor isolated from sarcoma 37 and 180. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1954 40: 1014–1018,  | ChemPort |
  134. Levi-Montalcini, R: The nerve growth factor: thirty-five years later. EMBO J 1987 6: 1145–1154,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  135. Greene, L, Shooter, E: The nerve growth factor: biochemistry, synthesis, and mechanism of action. Annu Rev Neurosci 1980 3: 353–402,
  136. Heumann, R, Korsching, S, Scott, J, Thoenen, H: Relationship between level so nerve growth factor (NGF) and its messenger RNA in sympathetic ganglia and peripheral targe tissues. EMBO J 1984 3: 3183–3189,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  137. Whittemore, S, Ebendal, T, Larkfors, L: et al: Developmental regional expression of beta nerve growth factor messenger RNA and protein in the rat central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 83: 817–821,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  138. Yaar, M, Grossman, K, Eller, M, Gilchrest, B: Evidence for nerve growth factor-mediated paracrine effects in human epidermis. J Cell Biol 1991 115: 821–828,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  139. Sutter, A, Riopelle, R, Harris-Warrick, R, Shooter, E: Nerve growth factor receptors: characterization of two distinct classes of binding sites on chick embryo sensory ganglion cells. J Biol Chem 1979 254: 5972–5982,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  140. Bothwell, M: Keeping track of neurotrophin receptors. Cell 1991 65: 915–918,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  141. Klein, R, Jing, S, Nanduri, V, O'Rourke, E, Barbacid, M: The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor to nerve growth factor. Cell 1991 65: 189–197,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  142. Kaplan, D, Hempstead, B, Martin-Zanca, D, Chao, M, Parada, L: The trk protooncogene product: a signal transducing receptor for nerve growth factor. Science 1991 252: 554–558,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  143. Levi-Montalcini, R, Angeletti, P: Essential role of the nerve growth factor in the survival and maintenance of dissociated sensory and sympathetic embryonic nerve cells in vitro. Dev Biol 1963 7: 653–659,  | Article | PubMed | ChemPort |
  144. Johnson, E, Gorin, P, Handels, L, Pearson, J: Dorsal root ganglion neurons are destroyed by exposure in utero to maternal antibodies to nerve growth factor. Science 1980 210: 916–918,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  145. Ross, M, Lofstrandh, S, Gorin, P, Johnson, E, Schwartz, J: Use of an experimental autoimmune model to define nerve growth factor dependency of peripheral and central substance P containing neurons in the rat. J Neurosci 1981 1: 1304–1311,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  146. Stockel, K, Schwab, M, Thoenen, H: Specificity of retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) in sensory neurons: a biochemical and morphological study. Brain Res 1975 89: 1–14,
  147. Schwartz, J, Pearson, J, Johnson, E: Effect of exposure to anti-NGF on sensory neruons of adult rats and guinea pigs. Brain Res 1982 244: 378–381,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  148. Waris, T: Reinnervation of free skin autografts in the rat. Plastic Reconstruct Surg 1978 12: 85–93,
  149. Waris, T: Degeneration and regeneration of nerves in a dorsal skin flap in the rat. Scand J Plastic Reconstruct Surg Hand Surg 1978 12: 95–103,
  150. Kishimoto, S, Maruo, M, Ohse, C: The regeneration of the sympathetic catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the process of burn wound healing in guinea pigs. J Invest Dermatol 1982 79: 141–146,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  151. Kishimoto, S: The regeneration of substance P-containing nerve fibers in the process of burn wound healing in the guinea pig skin. J Invest Dermatol 1984 83: 219–223,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  152. Aldskogius, H, Hermanson, A, Jonsson, C-E: Reinnervation of experimental superficial wounds in rats. Plastic Reconstruct Surg 1987 79: 595–599,
  153. Devor, M, Schonfeld, D, Seltzer, Z, Wall, P: Two modes of cutaneous reinnervation following peripheral nerve injury. J Compar Neurol 1979 185: 211–220,
  154. Owen, D, Logan, A, Robinson, P: A role for nerve growth factor in collateral reinnervation from sensory nerves in the guinea pig. Brain Res 1989 476: 156–160,
  155. Doubleday, B, Robinson, P: The role of nerve growth factor in collateral reinnervation by cutaneous C-fibers in the rat. Brain Res 1992 593: 179–184,
  156. Wilson, P, Scott, J, Penschow, J, Coghlan, J, Rush, R: Identification and quantification of mRNA for nerve growth factor in histological preparations. Neurosci Lett 1986 64: 323–329,
  157. Taniuchi, M, Clark, H, Johnson, E: Induction of nerve growth factor receptor in Schwann cells after axotomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 83: 4094–4098,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  158. Assouline, J, Bosch, P, Lim, R, Kim, I, Jemen, R, Pantazis, N: Rat astrocytes and Schwann cells in culture synthesize nerve growth factor like neurite-promoting factors. Dev Brain Res 1987 31: 103–118,
  159. Taniuchi, M, Clark, H, Schucitzer, J, Johnson, VJ: Expression of nerve growth factor receptors by Schwann cells of axotomized peripheral nerves: ultrastructural location, suppresion by axonal contact binding properties. J Neurosci 1988 8: 664–681,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  160. Diamond, J, Foerster, A, Holmes, M, Coughlin, M: Sensory nerves in adult rats regenerate and restore sensory function to the skin independently of endogenous NGF. J Neurosci 1992 12: 1467–1476,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  161. Pearce, F, Thompson, H: Some characteristics of histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with nerve growth factor. J Physiol 1986 372: 379–393,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  162. Matsuda, H, Coughlin, M, Bienenstock, J, Denburg, J: Nerve growth factor promotes human hemopoietic colony growth and differentiation. Proc Natl Aca, Sci USA 1988 85: 6508–6512,
  163. Otten, U, Ehrhard, P, Peck, R: Nerve growth factor induces growth and differentiation of human B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989 86: 10059–10063,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  164. Lewis, T, Marvin, H: Observations relating to vasodilatation arising from antidromic impulses, to herpes zoster and trophic effects. Heart 1927 14: 27–46,
  165. Bayliss, W: On the origin from the spinal cord of vasodilator fibers of the bind limb, and on the nature of these fibers. J Physiol 1901 26: 173–209,
  166. Lewis, T: The nocifensor system of nerves and its reactions. Br Med J 1927 1: 431–435,
  167. Johnson, P, Doll, S: Dermal nerves in human diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1984 33: 244–250,  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  168. Jancsó, G, Obál, F, Toth-Kasa, I, Katona, M, Husz, S: The modulation of cutaneous inflammatory reactions by peptide-containing sensory nerves. Int J Tissue Reactions 1985 7: 449–457,
  169. Olivari, N, Schrudde, J, Wahle, H: The surgical treatment of bedsores in paraplegics. Plastic Reconstruct Surg 1972 50: 477–482,
  170. Basson, M, Burney, R: Detective wound healing in patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982 155: 9–12,
  171. Lusthaus, S, Shoslian, S, Benmeir, P, Livoff, A, Ashur, H, Vardy, D: Effect of denervation on incision wound scars in rabbits. J Geriatr Dermatol 1993 1: 11–14,
  172. Nagy, J, Iversen, L, Goedert, M, Chapman, D, Hunt, S: Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin on primary sensory neurons in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci 1983 3: 399–406,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  173. Kjartansson, J, Dalsgaard, C-J, Jonsson, C-E: Decreased survival of experimental critical flaps in rats after sensory denervation with capsaicin. Plastic Reconstruct Surg 1987 79: 218–221,
  174. Shimizu, T, Fujita, S, Izumi, K, Koja, T, Ohba, N: Corneal lesions induced by the systemic administration of capsaicin in neonatal mice and rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1984 326: 347–351,
  175. Duke-Elder, S, Leigh, A: Diseases of the outer eyes. In: Duke-Elder S (ed.). System of Opthalmology Henry Kimble 1965 London. pp 803–810
  176. Gallar, J, Pozo, M, Rebello, I, Belmonte, C: Effects of capsaicin on corneal wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990 31: 1968–1974,
  177. Jonsson, C-E, Brodin, E, Dalsgaard, C-J, Haegerstrand, A: Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity in dog paw lymph after scalding injury. Acta Physiol Scand 1986 126: 21–24,  | PubMed | ChemPort |
  178. Grönblad, M, Korkala, O, Konttinen, Y, Kuokkanen, H, Liesi, P: Immunoreactive neuropeptides in nerves in ligamentous tissue. An experimental neuroimnunohistochemical study. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res 1991 265: 291–296,
  179. Senapati, A, Anand, P, McGregor, G, Ghatei, M, Thompson, R, Bloom, S: Depletion of neuropeptides during wound healing in rat skin. Neurosci Lett 1986 71: 101–105,
  180. Spevak, S, Shekluer, A, Hilse, H, Oebme, P, Soloveva, A: Aspects of wound healing in spontaneous hypertensive rats. The effect of morphine, substance p and its fragment SP1-4. Bull Eksp Biol Med 1989 107: 739–743,
  181. English, K, Stayner, N, Krueger, G, Tuckett, R: Tactile function in skinequivalent grafts. Exp Neurol 1992 115: 104–108,
  182. English, K, Stayner, N, Krueger, G, Tuckett, R: Functional innervation of cultured skin grafts. J Invest Dermatol 1992 99: 120–128,
  183. Horch, K: The influence of mechanoreceptor structures on regenerating sensory axons after cutaneous nerve transection in the cat. Neurosci Lett 1982 32: 281–284,
  184. Hartung, H, Wolters, K, Toyka, K: Substance P: binding properties and studies on cellular responses in guinea pig macrophages. J Immunol 1986 136: 3856–3863,
  185. Wiederman, C, Wiederman, F, Apperl, A, Kieselbach, G, Komvalinka, G, Braunsteiner, H: in vitro human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemokinesis and human monocyte chemotaxis are different activities of aminoterminal and carboxyterminal substance P. Arch Phamacol 1989 340: 185–190,
  186. Ruff, M, Whal, S, Pert, C: Substance P receptor-mediated chemotaxis of human monocytes. Peptides 1985 6: 107–111,  | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
  187. Sudduth-Klinger, J, Schumann, M, Gardner, P, Payan, D: Functional and immunological responses of Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with the substance P receptor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1992 12: 379–395,

Extra navigation

.
ADVERTISEMENT