Original Article

Journal of Investigative Dermatology (1995) 104, 946–952; doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606215

In Vivo Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy of Human Skin: Melanin Provides Strong Contrast

Milind Rajadhyaksha, Melanie Grossman, Dina Esterowitz, Robert H Webb and R Rox Anderson

Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Received 11 November 1994; Revised 10 February 1995; Accepted 21 February 1995.

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Abstract

Confocal scanning laser microscopy of live human skin was performed to investigate the correlation of in vivo cellular and morphologic features to histology, the effect of wavelength on imaging, and the role of melanin as a contrast agent. We built a video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for in viva imaging of human skins. Using a 100 times microscope objective, we imaged high-contrast optical sections's of normal skin, vitiliginous skin, and a compound nevus. In vivo "confocal histology" correlated well with "conventional histology". The maximum imaged with visible 400 -700-nm wavelengths; the superficial papillary dermis and blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) in the deeper capillaries were imaged with the near infrared 800–900-nm wavelengths. For confocal reflectance imaging, melanin provided strong contrast by increased backscattering of light such that the cytoplasm in heavily pigmented cells imaged brightly. In vivo confocal microscopy potentially offers dermatologists a diagnostic tool that is instant and entirely non-invasive compared to conventional histopathology.

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