Abstract
Quantifying particulate matter (PM) infiltration efficiencies (Finf) in individual homes is an important part of PM exposure assessment because individuals spend the majority of time indoors. While Finf of fine PM has most commonly been estimated using tracer species such as sulfur, here we evaluate an alternative that does not require particle collection, weighing and compositional analysis, and can be applied in situations with indoor sources of sulfur, such as environmental tobacco smoke, gas pilot lights, and humidifier use. This alternative method involves applying a recursive mass balance model (recursive model, RM) to continuous indoor and outdoor concentration measurements (e.g., light scattering data from nephelometers). We show that the RM can reliably estimate Finf, a crucial parameter for determining exposure to particles of outdoor origin. The RM Finf estimates showed good agreement with the conventional filter-based sulfur tracer approach. Our simulation results suggest that the RM Finf estimates are minimally impacted by measurement error. In addition, the average light scattering response per unit mass concentration was greater indoors than outdoors; after correcting for differences in light scattering response the median deviation from sulfur Finf was reduced from 15 to 11%. Thus, we have verified the RM applied to light scattering data. We show that the RM method is unable to provide satisfactory estimates of the individual components of Finf (penetration efficiency, air exchange rate, and deposition rate). However, this approach may allow Finf to be estimated in more residences, including those with indoor sources of sulfur. We show that individual homes vary in their infiltration efficiencies, thereby contributing to exposure misclassification in epidemiological studies that assign exposures using ambient monitoring data. This variation across homes indicates the need for home-specific estimation methods, such as the RM or sulfur tracer, instead of techniques that give average estimates of infiltration across homes.
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Abbreviations
- a :
-
air exchange rate (h−1)
- a 1 :
-
coefficient describing the infiltration, deposition, and exfiltration of ambient PM2.5
- a 2 :
-
coefficient describing the deposition and exfiltration of indoor PM2.5
- AVR:
-
sum of the absolute values of residuals
- b sp :
-
particle light scattering coefficient
- F inf :
-
infiltration efficiency
- F inf RM :
-
infiltration efficiency obtained using nephelometer data and the recursive model approach
- F inf S :
-
sulfur infiltration efficiency
- HI:
-
Harvard impactor
- k :
-
particle deposition rate (h−1)
- Neph:
-
radiance research nephelometer
- OLS:
-
ordinary least squares
- P :
-
particle penetration efficiency
- PM:
-
particulate matter
- PM2.5:
-
particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm
- RM:
-
recursive model
- S i :
-
indoor sulfur concentration
- S o :
-
outdoor sulfur concentration
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
- Φ :
-
total particle loss rate (h−1)
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the study participants for their willingness to participate in this study and the field technicians for collecting the data. This work was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through a cooperative agreement between the University of Washington and the EPA (CR82717701) and the EPA/UW Northwest Research Center for Particulate Air Pollution and Health (EPA Grant CR827355), and by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant No. P3OES07033). The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the EPA. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Allen, R., Wallace, L., Larson, T. et al. Evaluation of the recursive model approach for estimating particulate matter infiltration efficiencies using continuous light scattering data. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17, 468–477 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500539
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500539
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