1. ^aCenter for Children's Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
2. ^bOccupational Health Branch, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA, USA
3. ^cNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Correspondence: Dr. Asa Bradman, Center for Children's Environmental Health Research/CHAMACOS, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 600, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA. Tel.: +1 510 643 3023; Fax: +1 510 642 9083; E-mail: abradman@socrates.berkeley.edu

Received 17 May 2006; Accepted 18 July 2006; Published online 11 October 2006.

Abstract

Organochlorine (OC) pesticide use was restricted starting in the 1970s in developed countries and the 1980s and 1990s in developing countries. Current exposure to OC pesticides — dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane (99% pure gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH)), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) — occurs on a limited basis. We measured para, para' (p,p')-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ortho, para' (o,p')-DDT, HCB, beta ()-HCH (the most persistent isomer of technical-grade HCH) and -HCH in serum from 426 low-income pregnant Latina women living in an agricultural community in California. Detection frequencies were 94% to 100%. Median levels (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDE (1,052), p,p'-DDT (13), -HCH (37) and HCB (65) were significantly higher than United States population levels. Multivariate analyses of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, -HCH and HCB indicate that time spent living outside the United States and birthplace in an area of Mexico with recent use of OC pesticides were significant predictors of exposure. Time spent living in the United States was associated with increased serum levels of p,p'-DDE and -HCH, but the increase for each year lived in the United States was lower than for each year lived outside the United States. There was no difference between the increase of HCB levels over time spent in or outside the United States, suggesting current and thus preventable exposure routes. However, we observed no associations between serum levels of any OC compound and current intake of saturated fat or agricultural take-home exposure risk factors. Lactation history and recent weight gain were negatively associated with serum levels of some, but not all OC compounds studied. Smoking history was borderline associated with elevated HCB levels. We observed no significant associations with body mass index. Although the weight of evidence from this study indicates that most exposure occurred before moving to the United States, the results for HCB indicate the possibility of ongoing exposure in this country.