1. ¹Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2. ²Department of Neurology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3. ³Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Correspondence: Dr RD Oude Engberink, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Image Sciences Institute, Bolognalaan 50, Utrecht 3584 CJ, The Netherlands. E-Mail: raoul@invivonmr.uu.nl

Received 5 July 2007; Revised 28 August 2007; Accepted 8 October 2007; Published online 14 November 2007.

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied to visualize monocyte infiltration with the use of intravenously injected ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). However, USPIO uptake in vivo remains elusive, and the heterogeneous enhancement patterns observed by MRI point to multiple pathophysiological events. This study focused on specific imaging of monocyte infiltration into the brain by transfusion of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled monocytes in a rat model of neuroinflammation, experimentally induced photothrombosis (PT). At day 5 after lesion induction, animals were transfused with SPIO-labeled monocytes (5 10⁶ cells) or free USPIO (17 mg Fe/kg). MRI was performed 24, 72 and, 120 h later. To investigate temporal changes directly after intravenous USPIO administration, MRI was performed repeatedly up to 8 h. Relaxation measurements showed that rat monocytes were efficiently labeled in vitro using SPIO (R₂=120.9 s^-1). After transfusion of SPIO-labeled monocytes, a significant increase in contrast enhanced area (340%106%) in the PT lesion was observed not before 72 h. Contrast enhancement after USPIO injection increased up to 407%39% at a much earlier point of time (24 h) and diminished thereafter. Repetitive MRI directly after USPIO injection showed significant contrast enhancement in the lesion within 2 h. Our study shows that MRI enables in vivo tracking of SPIO-labeled monocytes longitudinally. Moreover, our data suggest that contrast enhancement after injection of free USPIO does not primarily represent signals from peripherally labeled monocytes that migrated toward the inflammatory lesion. The use of SPIO-labeled monocytes provides a better tool to specifically assess the time window of monocyte infiltration.