1. ¹Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
2. ²Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
3. ³Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
4. ⁴Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
5. ⁵Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA

Correspondence: Dr M Whalen, Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street RM 6403, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. E-mail: mwhalen@partners.org

⁶These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 16 March 2005; Revised 11 October 2005; Accepted 7 November 2005; Published online 14 December 2005.

Abstract

Bid is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that mediates cell death by caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. We tested mice genetically deficient in Bid in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model to examine the hypothesis that Bid contributes to cell death and functional outcome after traumatic brain injury. After CCI, truncated Bid (15 kDa) was robustly detected in cortical brain homogenates of wild-type mice. Bid-/- mice had decreased numbers of cortical cells with acute plasmalemma injury at 6 h (wild type (WT), 1721124; Bid-/-, 1173129 cells/ 200 field; P<0.01), decreased numbers of cells expressing cleaved caspase-3 in the dentate gyrus at 48 h (WT, 11315; Bid-/-, 659 cells/ 200 field; P<0.05), and reduced lesion volume at 12 days (Bid-/-, 5.90.4 mm³; WT, 8.40.4 mm³; P<0.001), but did not differ from WT mice at later times after injury regarding lesion size (30 days) or brain tissue atrophy (40 days). Compared with naïve mice, injured mice in both groups performed significantly worse on motor and Morris water maze (MWM) tests; however, mice deficient in Bid did not differ from WT in postinjury motor and MWM performance. The data show that Bid deficiency decreases early posttraumatic brain cell death and tissue damage, but does not reduce functional outcome deficits after CCI in mice.