¹Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Correspondence: Dr ED Hall, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, B383 BBSRB, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA. E-mail: edhall@uky.edu

²These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 8 November 2005; Revised 23 December 2005; Accepted 25 January 2006; Published online 15 March 2006.

Abstract

In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in the injured cortex and hippocampus at 30 mins, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after severe TBI. A significant decrease in the coupling of the electron transport system with oxidative phosphorylation was observed as early as 30 mins after injury, followed by a recovery to baseline at 1 h after injury. A statistically significant (P<0.0001) decline in the respiratory control ratio was noted at 3 h, which persisted at all subsequent time-points up to 72 h after injury in both cortical and hippocampal mitochondria. Structural damage seen in purified cortical mitochondria included severely swollen mitochondria, a disruption of the cristae and rupture of outer membranes, indicative of mitochondrial permeability transition. Consistent with this finding, cortical mitochondrial calcium-buffering capacity was severely compromised by 3 h after injury, and accompanied by significant increases in mitochondrial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. A possible causative role for reactive nitrogen species was suggested by the rapid increase in cortical mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine levels shown as early as 30 mins after injury. These findings indicate that post-traumatic oxidative lipid and protein damage, mediated in part by peroxynitrite, occurs in mitochondria with concomitant ultrastructural damage and impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics. The data also indicate that compounds which specifically scavenge peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) or ONOO^--derived radicals (e.g. ONOO^-+H⁺ ONOOH NO₂+OH) may be particularly effective for the treatment of TBI, although the therapeutic window for this neuroprotective approach might only be 3 h.