1. ^*Department of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Luc (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
2. ^†Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Correspondence: Alan S Hazell, Department of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Luc (CHUM), 1058 St.-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3J4, Canada; e-mail: alan.stewart.hazell@umontreal.ca

Received 11 September 2002; Revised 18 December 2002; Accepted 23 December 2002.

Abstract

A central question in manganese neurotoxicity concerns mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cerebral energy failure. To obtain insight into the underlying mechanism(s), the authors investigated cell-specific pathways of [1–¹³C]glucose metabolism by high-resolution multinuclear NMR-spectroscopy. Five-day treatment of neurons with 100-mol/L MnCl₂ led to 50% and 70% decreases of ATP/ADP and phosphocreatine–creatine ratios, respectively. An impaired flux of [1–¹³C]glucose through pyruvate dehydrogenase, which was associated with Krebs cycle inhibition and hence depletion of [4–¹³C]glutamate, [2–¹³C]GABA, and [¹³C]glutathione, hindered the ability of neurons to compensate for mitochondrial dysfunction by oxidative glucose metabolism and further aggravated neuronal energy failure. Stimulated glycolysis and oxidative glucose metabolism protected astrocytes against energy failure and oxidative stress, leading to twofold increased de novo synthesis of [3–¹³C]lactate and fourfold elevated [4–¹³C]glutamate and [¹³C]glutathione levels. Manganese, however, inhibited the synthesis and release of glutamine. Comparative NMR data obtained from cocultures showed disturbed astrocytic function and a failure of astrocytes to provide neurons with substrates for energy and neurotransmitter metabolism, leading to deterioration of neuronal antioxidant capacity (decreased glutathione levels) and energy metabolism. The results suggest that, concomitant to impaired neuronal glucose oxidation, changes in astrocytic metabolism may cause a loss of intercellular homeostatic equilibrium, contributing to neuronal dysfunction in manganese neurotoxicity.