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Nature 427, 503-504 (5 February 2004) | doi:10.1038/427503a;

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Stress propagation: Getting to the bottom of a granular medium

Penetration by an object through a dense granular medium (for example, by a finger pushing slowly into the sand on a beach) presents an interesting physics problem that is closely related to issues of practical importance in soil science. Here we measure the penetration-resistance force for an object approaching the solid bottom boundary of a granular sample — analogous to the finger approaching a flat rock buried in the beach.

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