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Nature 414, 403-405 (22 November 2001) | doi:10.1038/35106672;

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Evolution: Tides of tolerance

When Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859, he knew that cooperation and altruistic behaviour present something of a problem for a concept that is based on competition and the struggle for existence. He did, however, anticipate a solution that was provided by William Hamilton more than a century later: cooperation can emerge as a result of 'kin selection' in cases where interacting individuals are genetically related.

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