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scientific report
EMBO reports 5, 3, 274–279 (2004)
doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400096
AOP Published online: 13 February 2004

Convergent evolution of gene networks by single-gene duplications in higher eukaryotes

Gregory D Amoutzias1, David L Robertson1, Stephen G Oliver1 & Erich Bornberg-Bauer1, 2
1 2.205 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
2 Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 4, D4814P, Germany


To whom correspondence should be addressed
Erich Bornberg-Bauer Tel: +49 0251 83 21630; Fax: +49 0251 83 21631; E-mail: ebb@uni-muenster.de


Received 27 August 2003; Accepted 13 January 2004; Published online 13 February 2004.
Abstract

By combining phylogenetic, proteomic and structural information, we have elucidated the evolutionary driving forces for the gene-regulatory interaction networks of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors. We infer that recurrent events of single-gene duplication and domain rearrangement repeatedly gave rise to distinct networks with almost identical hub-based topologies, and multiple activators and repressors. We thus provide the first empirical evidence for scale-free protein networks emerging through single-gene duplications, the dominant importance of molecular modularity in the bottom-up construction of complex biological entities, and the convergent evolution of networks.

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