Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Pediatric Original Article
  • Published:

Comprehending emotional eating in obese youngsters: the role of parental rejection and emotion regulation

Abstract

Objectives:

The present study examined the role of emotion regulation in the relation between parental rejection and emotional eating of obese youngsters.

Method:

Participants were 110 obese youngsters between the ages of 10 and 16 years who were referred to a Belgian treatment centre for obesity. Participants completed questionnaires assessing maternal and paternal rejection, emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating during their intake at the treatment centre. Bootstrapping procedure was used to test if emotion regulation mediated the relationship between maternal and paternal rejection on the one hand and emotional eating of the youngster on the other hand.

Results:

Results revealed that the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relation between maternal rejection and emotional eating. Paternal rejection was neither associated with the emotion regulation nor with the emotional eating of the youngster.

Discussion:

The findings highlight the importance of assessing the emotional bond between mother and child and the emotion regulation of the youngster in the treatment of pediatric obesity.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. van Strien T, Oosterveld P . The children’s DEBQ for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating in 7- to 12-year-old children. Int J Eating Disord 2008; 41: 72–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kaplan HI, Kaplan HS . The psychosomatic concept of obesity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1957; 125: 181–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. De Vriendt T, Moreno LA, De Henauw S . Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19: 511–519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Loxton NJ, Dawe S, Cahill A . Does negative mood drive the urge to eat? The contribution of negative mood, exposure to food cues and eating style. Appetite 2011; 56: 368–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Macht M, Mueller J . Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states. Appetite 2007; 49: 667–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Macht M, Simons G . Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite 2000; 35: 65–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. O'Connor DB, Jones F, Conner M, McMillan B, Ferguson E . Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychol 2008; 27: S20–S31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gibson EL . Emotional influences on food choice: sensory, physiological and psychological pathways. Physiol Behav 2006; 89: 53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bryant EJ, King NA, Blundell JE . Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation. Obesity Rev 2008; 9: 409–419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Boschi V, Iorio D, Margiotta N, D'Orsi P, Falconi C . The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking participation in a dietotherapy programme. Ann Nutr Metab 2001; 45: 72–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Provencher V, Drapeau V, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Lemieux S . Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebec family study. Obesity Res 2003; 11: 783–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision 4th edn American Psychiatric Association: Washington DC, USA, 2000.

  13. Stice E, Presnell K, Spangler D . Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: a 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychol 2002; 21: 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Davis C, Strachan S, Berkson M . Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite 2004; 42: 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Puder JJ, Munsch S . Psychological correlates of childhood obesity. Int J Obes 34: S37–S43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rommel D, Nandrino JL, Ducro C, Andrieux S, Delecourt F, Antoine P . Impact of emotional awareness and parental bonding on emotional eating in obese women. Appetite 2012; 59: 21–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Evers C, Stok FM, de Ridder DTD . Feeding your feelings: emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Person Soc Psychol Bull 2010; 36: 792–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Spoor STP, Bekker MH, van Strien T, van Heck GL . Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating. Appetite 2007; 48: 368–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zijlstra H, van Middendorp H, Devaere L, Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R . Emotion processing and regulation in women with morbid obesity who apply for bariatric surgery. Psychol Health 2012; 27: 1375–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Polivy J, Herman CP . Causes of eating disorders. Annu Rev Psychol 2002; 53: 187–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sher KJ, Grekin ER . Alcohol and affect regulation. In: Gross JJ, (ed.). Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007. pp 560–580.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Grace AA . The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation and its implications for understanding alcohol and psychostimulant craving. Addiction 2000; 95: S119–S128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Morris AS, Silk JS, Steinberg L, Myers SS, Robinson LR . The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Soc Dev 2007; 16: 361–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rohner RP . They Love Me, They Love Me Not: A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. Human Relations Area Files: New Haven, CT, USA, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rohner RP . Worldwide tests of parental acceptance–rejection theory. Behav Sci Res 1980; 15: 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rohner RP . The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance–Rejection Theory. Sage Publications: Newbury Park, CA, USA, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rohner RP . The parental ‘acceptance–rejection syndrome’: universal correlates of perceived rejection. Am Psychol 2004; 59: 830–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Meesters C, Muris P . Perceived parental rearing behaviours and coping in young adolescents. Person Indiv Differ 2004; 37: 513–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Schuetzmann M, Richter-Appelt H, Schulte-Markwort M, Schimmelmann BG . Associations among the perceived parent–child relationship, eating behavior, and body weight in preadolescents: results from a community-based sample. J Pediatr Psychol 2008; 33: 772–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Snoek HM, van Strien T, Janssens J, Engels R . Emotional, external, restrained eating and overweight in Dutch adolescents. Scand J Psychol 2007; 48: 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Murphy BC, Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Shepard S, Guthrie IK . Consistency and change in children’s emotionality and regulation: a longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Q 1999; 45: 413–444.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Eisenberg N, Valiente C, Morris AS, Fabes RA, Cumberland A, Reiser M et al. Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children’s regulation, and quality of socioemotional functioning. Dev Psychol 2003; 39: 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Braet C, Claus L, Goossens L, Moens E, Van Vlierberghe L, Soetens B . Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. J Health Psychol 2008; 13: 733–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Roelants M, Hauspie R . Flemish Growth Charts 2–20 Years. In:. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Antropogenetics: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2002; 11: 1–190.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hollingshead AB . Four Factor Index of Social Status. Yale University: New Haven, CT, USA, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gerlsma C, Arrindell WA, Vanderveen N, Emmelkamp PMG . A parental rearing style questionnaire for use with adolescents—psychometric evaluation of the EMBU-A. Person Indiv Differ 1991; 12: 1245–1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Perris C, Jacobsson L, Lindstrom H, Knorring LV, Perris H . Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980; 61: 265–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Grob A, Smolenski C Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (FEEL-KJ). Verlag Hans Huber: Bern, Switzerland,, 2005.

  40. Theuwis L, Braet C . Dutch Translation of the FEEL-KJ. Ghent University: Ghent, Belgium, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Goldschmidt AB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Wilfley DE . A laboratory-based study of mood and binge eating behavior in overweight children. Eating Behav 2011; 12: 37–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. van Strien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB . The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eating Disord 1986; 5: 295–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Braet C, Tanghe A, De Bode P, Franckx H, Van Winckel M . Inpatient treatment of obese children: a multicomponent programme without stringent calorie restriction. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162: 391–396.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Braet C, Tanghe A, Decaluwe V, Moens E, Rosseel Y . Inpatient treatment for children with obesity: weight loss, psychological well-being, and eating behavior. J Pediatr Psychol 2004; 29: 519–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP . Children’s body image concerns and eating disturbance: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21: 325–344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods 2008; 40: 879–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF . SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods Instr Comput 2004; 36: 717–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kliewer W, Fearnow MD, Miller PA . Coping socialization in middle childhood: rof maternal and paternal influences. Child Dev 1996; 67: 2339–2357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Khaleque A, Rohner RP . Pancultural associations between perceived parental acceptance and psychological adjustment of children and adults: a meta-analytic review of worldwide research. J Cross-Cultural Psychol 2012; 43: 784–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Winnicot D . Mother and Child: A Primer of First Relationships. Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dominy NL, Johnson WB, Koch C . Perception of parental acceptance in women with binge eating disorder. J Psychol 2000; 134: 23–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Maccoby EE, Martin JA . Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In: Mussen PH, Hetherington EM, (eds). Handbook of Child Psychology 4th edn Vol. 4. Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1983. pp 1–101.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Baumrind D . Parental control and parental love. Children 1965; 12: 230–234.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Snoek HM, Engels R, Janssens J, van Strien T . Parental behaviour and adolescents’ emotional eating. Appetite 2007; 49: 223–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. van Strien T, Snoek HM, van der Zwaluw CS, Engels RCME . Parental control and the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) interaction on emotional eating in adolescence. Appetite 2010; 54: 255–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Muris P, Meesters C, Schouten E, Hoge E . Effects of perceived control on the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviors and symptoms of anxiety and depression in nonclinical preadolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2004; 33: 51–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Tull MT, Barrett HM, McMillan ES, Roemer L . A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behav Ther 2007; 38: 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Zametkin AJ, Zoon CK, Klein HW, Munson S . Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 134–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Messerli-Burgy N, Pjanic I, Jaggi V, Fresa RO, Znoj H . Differences in emotion regulation and positive affect between obese patients and normal weight volunteers. Psychol Health 2012; 27: 90–91.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ritchie LD, Welk G, Styne D, Gerstein DE, Crawford PB . Family environment and pediatric overweight: What is a parent to do? J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: S70–S79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Diamond GS, Reis BF, Diamond GM, Siqueland L, Isaacs L . Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: a treatment development study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1190–1196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Clyne C, Blampied NM . Training in emotion regulation as a treatment for binge eating: a preliminary study. Behav Change 2004; 21: 269–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Roosen MA, Safer D, Adler S, Cebolla A, van Strien T . Group dialectical behavior therapy adapted for obese emotional eaters: a pilot study. Nutr Hosp 2012; 27: 1141–1147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Ellen Moens is a postdoctoral researcher supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). We thank the treatment centre Zeepreventorium and the youngsters and their parents who participated in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J Vandewalle.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vandewalle, J., Moens, E. & Braet, C. Comprehending emotional eating in obese youngsters: the role of parental rejection and emotion regulation. Int J Obes 38, 525–530 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.233

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.233

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links