Original Article
International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 567–572; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803751; published online 30 October 2007
Application of the 2006 WHO growth standard from birth to 4 years to Pacific Island children
E C Rush1, J Paterson2, V V Obolonkin1 and K Puniani3
- 1Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- 2Centre for Pacific Health and Development Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- 3Pacific Women's Health Research and Development Unit, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Correspondence: Professor EC Rush, Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Auckland University of Technology, 90 Akoranga Drive, Private Bag 92 006, Northcote, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. E-mail: erush@aut.ac.nz
Received 27 February 2007; Revised 1 August 2007; Accepted 19 September 2007; Published online 30 October 2007.
Abstract
Background:
Pacific adults and children have very high rates of obesity.
Objective:
Body size at birth, 2- and 4 years for the whole cohort, compliant (not smoking and breastfed) and non-compliant children was compared to the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard using z-scores.
Design:
Longitudinal data (n=659) from the 2000 Pacific Island family birth cohort study of weight at birth and weight and height at 2- and 4 years was analysed.
Results:
At birth the average child was 3.673
0.501 kg; z-score 0.605 units higher (P<0.000001) than the WHO standard. At 2- and 4 years, average z-scores for weight and body mass index (BMI) were significantly different from 0 (mean z-scores for weight +1.062 and +1.688, for BMI +1.701 and +1.969 respectively, P<0.000001). Mean height was significantly lower (P<0.000001) z-score=-0.232 at 2 years but higher (P<0.000001) at 4 years, z-score=+0.626. Over 4 years, the daily weight gain was 11.2 g day–1 compared with 8.9 g day–1 for the WHO child. Compliant (n=287) compared to non-compliant (n=372) weighed less and were slightly shorter at 2- and 4 years measurement points. Non-compliant children categorized as non-smoking (n=229) weighed more than smoking mothers' (n=143) children at birth, 2- and 4 years.
Conclusion:
Pacific children are born heavy, over 4 years increase in weight is faster and between 2- and 4 years increase in height is faster than the reference breastfed child, independent of pre- and postnatal factors. Smoking decreases the rate of weight gain and children who are not breastfed gain weight faster. Interventions to limit weight gain need to start with the family before conception.
Keywords:
early environment, Pacific children, growth standard, weight gain
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