Original Article

International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 1647–1654; doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.159; published online 30 September 2008

Glycemic index, cholecystokinin, satiety and disinhibition: is there an unappreciated paradox for overweight women?

B M Burton-Freeman1,2 and N L Keim1,3

  1. 1Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
  2. 2National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
  3. 3United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Correspondence: Dr BM Burton-Freeman, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology and University of California, Davis. 6502 S. Archer Road, Summit-Argo, IL 60501, USA. E-mail: bburton@iit.edu

Received 18 March 2008; Revised 24 July 2008; Accepted 4 August 2008; Published online 30 September 2008.

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Abstract

Background:

 

The clinical utility of a low glycemic index (LGI) diet for appetite and food intake control is controversial. Complicating the issue are psychological and behavioral influences related to eating.

Objective:

 

The aim of this study was to investigate the satiety and glycemic response to high GI (HGI) and LGI meals in overweight restrained (R, n=12) and unrestrained (UR, n=10) women.

Design and measurements:

 

In a randomized crossover study, subjective satiety, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose, insulin, triacylglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured at defined intervals for 8 h after the participants consumed HGI or LGI test meals. Test meals were matched for energy, energy density, macronutrient content and available carbohydrate, but differed by carbohydrate source; refined grain versus whole grain, respectively.

Results:

 

The HGI meal resulted in greater satiety overall, suppressing hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption compared with the LGI (P<0.01) meal. Plasma CCK was significantly elevated after the HGI meal compared with the LGI meal (P<0.001). Plasma glucose, insulin and TG were higher and FFAs were lower after the HGI meal compared with the LGI meal (P<0001). Dietary restraint did not significantly influence CCK (P=0.14) or subjective satiety (P>0.4); however, an interaction of restraint and disinhibition on CCK was apparent. CCK was blunted in R participants with higher disinhibition scores than UR or R participants with lower disinhibition scores (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

 

A LGI diet may not be suitable for optimal satiety and appetite control in overweight women. The relationship between cognitive influences of eating and biobehavioral outcomes requires further investigation.

Keywords:

CCK, satiety, glycemic index, food intake, eating behavior, disinhibition

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