Original Article

International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 1721–1728. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803337; published online 25 April 2006

Muscle adiposity and body fat distribution in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: varying relationships according to diabetes type

M C Dubé1, D R Joanisse2, D Prud'homme3, S Lemieux4, C Bouchard5, L Pérusse2, C Lavoie1,6 and S J Weisnagel2,7

  1. 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Laval University, QC, Canada
  2. 2Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, QC, Canada
  3. 3School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
  4. 4Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, QC, Canada
  5. 5Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
  6. 6Physical Activity Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
  7. 7Diabetes Research Unit, CRML, CHUL, Laval University, QC, Canada

Correspondence: Dr SJ Weisnagel, Centre hospitalier du CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, room S-27, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada G1V 4G2. E-mail: john.weisnagel@kin.msp.ulaval.ca

Received 10 June 2005; Revised 2 March 2006; Accepted 5 March 2006; Published online 25 April 2006.

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Abstract

Objective:

 

To compare the relationships between markers of total and regional adiposity with muscle fat infiltration in type 1 diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects and their respective nondiabetic controls, and to document these relationships in type 1 diabetic subjects.

Design:

 

Cross-sectional study.

Subjects:

 

In total, 86 healthy, with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes or control subjects. Each diabetic group was matched for age, sex and body mass index with its respective nondiabetic control group.

Measurements:

 

Measures of body composition (hydrodensitometry), fat distribution (waist circumference, abdominal and mid-thigh computed tomography scans) and blood lipid profiles were assessed.

Results:

 

Low attenuation mid-thigh muscle surface correlated similarly with markers of adiposity and body composition in all groups, regardless of diabetes status, except for visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference. Indeed, relationships between visceral adiposity and muscle adiposity were significantly stronger in type 2 vs type 1 diabetic subjects (P<0.05 for comparison of slopes). In addition, in well-controlled type 1 diabetic subjects (mean HbA1c of 6.8%), daily insulin requirements tended to correlate with low attenuation mid-thigh muscle surface, a specific component of fat-rich muscle (r=0.36, P=0.08), but not with glycemic control (HbA1c).

Conclusion:

 

This study suggests that the relationship of central adiposity and muscle adiposity is modulated by diabetes status and is stronger in the insulin resistant diabetes type (type 2 diabetes). In well-controlled nonobese type 1 diabetic subjects, the relationship between muscle fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity was also maintained.

Keywords:

computed tomography, muscle attenuation, diabetes, insulin, metabolic profile

Abbreviations:

AT, adipose tissue; CT, computed tomography; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; IMCL, intramyocellular lipid content; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; WC, waist circumference.

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