Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Perspective
  • Published:

Eroticization as a factor influencing erectile dysfunction treatment effectiveness

Abstract

We review both the medical and psychosocial literature on factors influencing male potency in order to better understand why erectile dysfunction (ED) treatments, PDE5 drugs in particular, are abandoned when otherwise effective. We incorporate anecdotal data from websites and list serves dedicated to helping patients deal with iatrogenic ED. Our goal is to distinguish between ED treatments that are medicalized versus eroticized, and how partner participation may influence their effectiveness. Recently it has been shown that ED treatment effectiveness is aided by the involvement of the patient’s partner. This permits an erotic association between the partner and the ED ‘aid’. We extend this idea to suggest that having the partner involved as early as possible in the discussion of treatment, and their presence at the time of prescription, should improve ED aid effectiveness. Eroticization of ED aids shifts the focus from a perceived disability of the patient toward the sexual pleasure provided by the partner. We further suggest that ED aids used without the partner’s knowledge will undermine intimacy and ultimately the treatment’s effectiveness. Unpartnered patients should be advised about the importance of informing potential partners about their use of such aids, as openness and honesty may increase intimacy in the long run.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Althof SE . When an erection alone is not enough: biopsychosocial obstacles to lovemaking. Int J Impot Res 2002; 14 (Suppl 1): S99–S104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Schover LR, Canada AL, Yuan Y, Sui D, L Neese, Jenkins R et al. A randomized trial of internet-based versus traditional sexual counseling for couples after localized prostate cancer treatment. Cancer 2012; 118: 500–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Salonia A, Burnett AL, Graefen M, Hatzimouratidis K, Montorsi F, Mulhall JP et al. Prevention and management of postprostatectomy sexual dysfunctions part 2: recovery and preservation of erectile function, sexual desire, and orgasmic function. Eur Urol 2012; 62: 273–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jannini EA, McCabe MP, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Sachs BD . Organic vs. psychogenic? The Manichean diagnosis in sexual medicine. J Sex Med 2010; 7: 1726–1733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Perelman MA . The impact of the new sexual pharmaceuticals on sex therapy. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001; 3: 195–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Conaglen HM, Conaglen JV . Couples' reasons for adherence to, or discontinuation of, PDE type 5 inhibitors for men with erectile dysfunction at 12 to 24-month follow-up after a 6-month free trial. J Sex Med 2012; 9: 857–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fisher WA, Rosen RC, Eardley I, Sand M, Goldstein I . Sexual experience of female partners of men with erectile dysfunction: the female experience of men's attitudes to life events and sexuality (FEMALES) study. J Sex Med 2005; 2: 675–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Albaugh JA . Addressing and managing erectile dysfunction after prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Urol Nurs 2010; 30: 167–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bergman J, Gore JL, Penson DF, Kwan L, Litwin MS . Erectile aid use by men treated for localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2009; 182: 649–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Miller DC, Wei JT, Dunn RL, Montie JE, Pimentel H, Sandler HM et al. Use of medications or devices for erectile dysfunction among long-term prostate cancer treatment survivors: potential influence of sexual motivation and/or indifference. Urology 2006; 68: 166–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Schover LR, Fouladi RT, Warneke CL, Neese L, Klein EA, Zippe C et al. The use of treatments for erectile dysfunction among survivors of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95: 2397–2407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Stephenson RA, Mori M, Hsieh YC, Beer TM, Stanford JL, Gilliland FD et al. Treatment of erectile dysfunction following therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: patient reported use and outcomes from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Urol 2005; 174: 646–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Al-Shaiji TF, Brock GB . Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the management of erectile dysfunction: preference and adherence to treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15: 3486–3495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jannini EA, DeRogatis LR, Chung E, Brock GB . How to evaluate the efficacy of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med 2012; 9: 26–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Carvalheira AA, Pereira NM, Maroco J, Forjaz V . Dropout in the treatment of erectile dysfunction with PDE5: A study on predictors and a qualitative analysis of reasons for discontinuation. J Sex Med 2012; 9: 2361–2369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dean J, Rubio-Aurioles E, McCabe M, Eardley I, Speakman M, Buvat J et al. Integrating partners into erectile dysfunction treatment: improving the sexual experience for the couple. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 127–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chevret-Méasson M, Lavallée E, Troy S, Arnould B, Oudin S, Cuzin B . Improvement in quality of sexual life in female partners of men with erectile dysfunction treated with sildenafil citrate: findings of the Index of Sexual Life (ISL) in a couple study. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 761–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shtarkshall RA . Involving regular partners when prescribing PDE-5 inhibitors: A critical note for professional organizations dealing with sexuality and sexual health. Sex Relation Ther 2007; 22: 295–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Gerster S, Gunzler C, Roesler C, Leiber C, Berner MM . Treatment motivation of men with ED: what motivates men with ED to seek professional help and how can women support their partners? Int J Impot Res 2012; 25: 56–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. McCarthy BW . Relapse prevention strategies and techniques with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 2001; 27: 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tanner WM, Pollack RH . The effect of condom use and erotic instructions on attitudes toward condoms. J Sex Res 1988; 25: 537–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. McCabe M, Matic H . Erectile dysfucntion and relationships: Views of men with erectile dysfunction and their partners. Sex Relation Ther 2008; 23: 51–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cayan S, Bozlu M, Canpolat B, Akbay E . The assessment of sexual functions in women with male partners complaining of erectile dysfunction: Does treatment of male sexual dysfunction improve female partner's sexual functions? J Sex Marital Ther 2004; 30: 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fisher WA, Eardley I, McCabe M, Sand M . Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a shared sexual concern of couples I: Couple conceptions of ED. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 2746–2760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. McCabe MP, O'Connor EJ, Conaglen JV, Conaglen HM . The impact of oral ED medication on female partners' relationship satisfaction. J Sex Med 2011; 8: 479–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Alemozaffar M, Regan MM, Cooperberg MR, Wei JT, Michalski JM, Sandler HM et al. Prediction of erectile function following treatment for prostate cancer. JAMA 2011; 306: 1205–1214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Barry MJ, Gallagher PM, Skinner JS, Fowler FJ Jr. . Adverse effects of robotic-assisted laparoscopic versus open retropubic radical prostatectomy among a nationwide random sample of medicare-age men. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 513–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Helgason AR, Adolfsson J, Dickman P, Fredrikson M, Arver S, Steineck G . Waning sexual function—the most important disease-specific distress for patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1417–1421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mulhall JP, Kaminetsky JC, Althof SE, Goldstein I, Creanga DL, Marfatia A et al. Correlations with satisfaction measures in men treated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. Am J Mens Health 2011; 5: 261–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wise TN . Psychosocial side effects of sildenafil therapy for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1999; 25: 145–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Steinsvik EA, Axcrona K, Dahl AA, Eri LM, Stensvold A, Fossa SD . Can sexual bother after radical prostatectomy be predicted preoperatively? Findings from a prospective national study of the relation between sexual function, activity and bother. BJU Int 2012; 109: 1366–1374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Klotz T, Mathers M, Klotz R, Sommer F . Patients responding to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy: What do their sexual partners know? J Sex Med 2007; 4: 162–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pascoal PM, Narciso I, Pereira NM . Emotional intimacy is the best predictor of sexual satisfaction of men and women with sexual arousal problems. Int J Impot Res 2013; 25: 51–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Carpiano RM . Passive medicalization: The case of Viagra and erectile dysfunction. Sociol Spectr 2001; 21: 441–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Khan SI, Hudson-Rodd N, Saggers S, Bhuiyan MI, Bhuiya A, Karim SA et al. Phallus, performance and power: Crisis of masculinity. Sex Relation Ther 2008; 23: 37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Marshall BL . Science, medicine and virility surveillance: 'Sexy seniors' in the pharmaceutical imagination. Sociol Health Illn 2010; 32: 211–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wassersug RJ . Mastering emasculation. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 634–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. United Press International. In the US, sex occurs spontaneously 2011 Available at http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2011/12/10/In-the-US-sex-occurs-spontaneously/UPI-83941323499845/. . Accessed 12 December 2011.

  39. Sato Y, Tanda H, Nakajima H, Nitta T, Akagashi K, Hanzawa T et al. Dissociation between patients and their partners in expecations for sexual life after radical prostatectomy. Int J Uro 2013; 20: 322–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Althof S . Sex therapy: Advances in paradigms, nomenclature, and treatment. Acad Psychiatry 2010; 34: 390–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. O'Brien R, Rose P, Campbell C, Weller D, Neal RD, Wilkinson C et al. "I wish I'd told them": A qualitative study examining the unmet psychosexual needs of prostate cancer patients during follow-up after treatment. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 84: 200–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Arrington MI . “I don't want to be an artificial man”: Narrative reconstruction of sexuality among prostate cancer survivors. Sex Culture 2003; 7: 30–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Arrington MI . Prostate cancer and the social construction of masculine sexual identity. Int J Mens Health 2008; 7: 299–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cushman MA, Phillips JL, Wassersug RJ . The language of emasculation: Implications to cancer patients. Int J Mens Health 2010; 9: 3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Oliffe J . Constructions of masculinity following prostatectomy-induced impotence. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 2249–2259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Oliffe J . Embodied masculinity and androgen deprivation therapy. Sociol Health Illn 2006; 28: 410–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Dean J, de Boer BJ, Graziottin A, Hatzichristou D, Heaton J, Tailor A . Effective erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment enables men to enjoy better sex: The importance of erection hardness, psychological well-being and partner satisfaction. Eur Urol Suppl 2006; 5: 761–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Elliott S, Latini DM, Walker LM, Wassersug R, Robinson JW ADT Survivorship Working Group. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: recommendations to improve patient and partner quality of life. J Sex Med 2010; 7: 2996–3010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Raina R, Pahlajani G, Agarwal A, Zippe CD . The early use of transurethral alprostadil after radical prostatectomy potentially facilitates an earlier return of erectile function and successful sexual activity. BJU Int 2007; 100: 1317–1321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Grace V, Potts A, Gavey N, Vares T . The discursive condition of Viagra. Sexualities 2006; 9: 295–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Loe M . Sex and the senior woman: Pleasure and danger in the Viagra era. Sexualities 2004; 7: 303–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Tiefer L . The viagra phenomenon. Sexualities 2006; 9: 273–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Vares T, Braun V . Spreading the word, but what word is that? Viagra and male sexuality in popular culture. Sexualities 2006; 9: 315–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA, Goldstein I, McKinlay JB . The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 458–465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Nelson CJ, Mulhall JP, Roth AJ . The association between erectile dysfunction and depressive symptoms in men treated for prostate cancer. J Sex Med 2011; 8: 560–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Seftel AD, Sun P, Swindle R . The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and depression in men with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2004; 171: 2341–2345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Berner MM, Ploger W, Burkart M . A typology of men's sexual attitudes, erectile dysfunction treatment expectations and barriers. Int J Impot Res 2007; 19: 568–576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. King R, Juenemann KP, Levinson IP, Stecher VJ, Creanga DL . Correlations between increased erection hardness and improvements in emotional well-being and satisfaction outcomes in men treated with sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2007; 19: 398–406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Moskovic DJ, Gittens P, Avila D, Chandrashekar A, Lipshultz L . Favorable female sexual function is associated with patient satisfaction after inflatable penile prosthesis implantation. J Sex Med 2011; 8: 1996–2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Rubio-Aurioles E, Kim ED, Rosen RC, Porst H, Burns P, Zeigler H et al. Impact on erectile function and sexual quality of life of couples: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tadalafil taken once daily. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 1314–1323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Alterowitz R, Alterowitz B . Intimacy With Impotence: The Couple’s Guide To Better Sex After Prostate Disease. Da Capo Press: Cambridge, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Boul L . Sexual function and relationship satisfaction: An investigation into men's attitudes and perceptions. Sex Relation Ther 2007; 22: 209–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Brody S, Costa RM . Satisfaction (sexual, life, relationship, and mental health) is associated directly with penile-vaginal intercourse, but inversely with other sexual behavior frequencies. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 1947–1954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Brody S . The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. J Sex Med 2010; 7: 1336–1361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Costa RM, Brody S . Women's relationship quality is associated with specifically penile-vaginal intercourse orgasm and frequency. J Sex Marital Ther 2007; 33: 319–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Boehmer U, Babayan RK . Facing erectile dysfunction due to prostate cancer treatment: perspectives of men and their partners. Cancer Invest 2004; 22: 840–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Clark JA, Inui TS, Silliman RA, Bokhour BG, Krasnow SH, Robinson RA et al. Patients’ perceptions of quality of life after treatment for early prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3777–3784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Rot I, Ogah I, Wassersug RJ . The language of prostate cancer treatments and implications for informed decision making by patients. Eur J Cancer Care 2012; 21: 766–775.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Rehman US, Rellini AH, Fallis E . The importance of sexual self-disclosure to sexual satisfaction and functioning in committed relationships. J Sex Med 2011; 8: 3108–3115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Warkentin KM, Gray RE, Wassersug RJ . Restoration of satisfying sex for a castrated cancer patient with complete impotence: a case study. J Sex Marital Ther 2006; 32: 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Derek Wilke, John Oliffe, Philip Belitsky, Bernard Lee, Basavaraj Shettar, JoAnne Phillips, Stacy Elliott, Deborah McLeod, Shannon Griffin and Larry Goldenberg for their critical feedback and suggestions on draft manuscripts. Especially helpful were the insight of Richard Carpiano, Stanley Althof and Celestia Higano. Special thanks to Emily McLeod and Hannah Calich who helped format the article for publication. The only support for this research came from an operating grant to RJW from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R J Wassersug.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kukula, K., Jackowich, R. & Wassersug, R. Eroticization as a factor influencing erectile dysfunction treatment effectiveness. Int J Impot Res 26, 1–6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2013.29

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2013.29

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links