Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function

Abstract

Growth hormone (GH) supplementation may help to preserve erectile function. We assessed whether serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, a surrogate for GH levels, correlate with sexual function scores in 65 men who completed the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaires, and had serum IGF-1 and testosterone levels determined. Median±s.d. IGF-1 level, SHIM and EPIC scores were 235.0±86.4, 19.5±8.7 and 56.4±28.3 mg ml−1, respectively. IGF-1 levels and total SHIM score correlate significantly (r=0.31, P=0.02), as do IGF-1 levels and all individual SHIM question scores, and IGF-1 levels and the sexual domain of the EPIC questionnaire (r=0.30, P=0.02). No correlation was observed between IGF-1 levels and Gleason score, IGF-1 and testosterone level or SHIM score and testosterone level. These data support a potential role for the GH axis in erectile function.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Erfurth EM, Hagmar LE, Saaf M, Hall K . Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 correlate with serum free testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels in healthy young and middle-aged men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 44: 659–664.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Muniyappa R, Sorkin JD, Veldhuis JD, Harman SM, Munzer T, Bhasin S et al. Long-term testosterone supplementation augments overnight growth hormone secretion in healthy older men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293: E769–E775.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, Hellstrom WJ, Gooren LJ et al. ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations: investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Int J Impot Res 2009; 21: 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Araujo AB, Esche GR, Kupelian V, O'Donnell AB, Travison TG, Williams RE et al. Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4241–4247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bain J . Andropause. Testosterone replacement therapy for aging men. Can Fam Physician 2001; 47: 91–97.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Vermeulen A . The future of hormone replacement therapy in the aging male. Aging Male 2000; 3: 210–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Foresta C, Zuccarello D, De Toni L, Garolla A, Caretta N, Ferlin A . Androgens stimulate endothelial progenitor cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68: 284–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Morris PD, Kerry KE, Jones RD, Jones TH et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life. Heart 2004; 90: 871–876.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Navarro-Dorado J, Orensanz LM, Recio P, Bustamante S, Benedito S, Martinez AC et al. Mechanisms involved in testosterone-induced vasodilatation in pig prostatic small arteries. Life Sci 2008; 83: 569–573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Seyrek M, Yildiz O, Ulusoy HB, Yildirim V . Testosterone relaxes isolated human radial artery by potassium channel opening action. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103: 309–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kouloumenta V, Hatziefthimiou A, Paraskeva E, Gourgoulianis K, Molyvdas PA . Non-genomic effect of testosterone on airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149: 1083–1091.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dominguez JM, Gil M, Hull EM . Preoptic glutamate facilitates male sexual behavior. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 1699–1703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Motofei IG . A dual physiological character for sexual function: libido and sexual pheromones. BJU Int 2009; 104: 1702–1708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR . Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 20–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kaufman JM, Taelman P, Vermeulen A, Vandeweghe M . Bone mineral status in growth hormone-deficient males with isolated and multiple pituitary deficiencies of childhood onset. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 118–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Juul A, Scheike T, Davidsen M, Gyllenborg J, Jorgensen T . Low serum insulin-like growth factor I is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population-based case-control study. Circulation 2002; 106: 939–944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH, Kritz-Silverstein D . The prospective association of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-1 levels with all cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 114–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. McCallum RW, Petrie JR, Dominiczak AF, Connell JM . Growth hormone deficiency and vascular risk. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 57: 11–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Uckert S, Scheller F, Stief CG, Knapp WH, Sohn M, Becker AJ et al. Potential mechanism of action of human growth hormone on isolated human penile erectile tissue. Urology 2010; 75: 968–973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, Truss MC, Machtens S, Scheller F et al. Possible role of human growth hormone in penile erection. J Urol 2000; 164: 2138–2142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, Hellstrom WJ, Gooren LJ et al. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Int J Androl 2009; 32: 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Burnett AL, Lowenstein CJ, Bredt DS, Chang TS, Snyder SH . Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection. Science 1992; 257: 401–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jung GW, Kwak JY, Yoon S, Yoon JH, Lue TF . IGF-I and TGF-beta2 have a key role on regeneration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerves after cavernous neurotomy in rats. Int J Impot Res 1999; 11: 247–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pu XY, Wang XH, Gao WC, Yang ZH, Li SL, Wang HP et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 restores erectile function in aged rats: modulation the integrity of smooth muscle and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling activity. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 1345–1354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Guler HP, Zapf J, Schmid C, Froesch ER . Insulin-like growth factors I and II in healthy man. Estimations of half-lives and production rates. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989; 121: 753–758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Keenan BS, Richards GE, Ponder SW, Dallas JS, Nagamani M, Smith ER . Androgen-stimulated pubertal growth: the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the treatment of short stature and delayed puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 996–1001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Thum T, Hoeber S, Froese S, Klink I, Stichtenoth DO, Galuppo P et al. Age-dependent impairment of endothelial progenitor cells is corrected by growth-hormone-mediated increase of insulin-like growth-factor-1. Circ Res 2007; 100: 434–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mulhall JP . Exploring the potential role of neuromodulatory drugs in radical prostatectomy patients. J Androl 2009; 30: 377–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, Scheller F, Knapp WH, Hartmann U et al. Serum levels of human growth hormone during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology 2002; 59: 609–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cappelleri JC, Althof SE, Siegel RL, Stecher VJ, Tseng LJ, Duttagupta S . Association between the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction and the Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire following treatment with sildenafil citrate for men with erectile dysfunction. Value Health 2005; 8 (Suppl 1): S54–S60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wei JT, Dunn RL, Litwin MS, Sandler HM, Sanda MG . Development and validation of the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC) for comprehensive assessment of health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2000; 56: 899–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rhoden EL, Teloken C, Sogari PR, Souto CA . The relationship of serum testosterone to erectile function in normal aging men. J Urol 2002; 167: 1745–1748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yassin AA, Saad F . Improvement of sexual function in men with late-onset hypogonadism treated with testosterone only. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 497–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A . Symptomatic response rates to testosterone therapy and the likelihood of completing 12 months of therapy in clinical practice. J Sex Med 2010; 7 (1 Part 1): 277–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chiang HS, Cho SL, Lin YC, Hwang TI . Testosterone gel monotherapy improves sexual function of hypogonadal men mainly through restoring erection: evaluation by IIEF score. Urology 2009; 73: 762–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Anwar A, Shai SY, Delafontaine P . IGF-1, oxidative stress and atheroprotection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21: 245–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE . Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 935–939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chopin LK, Veveris-Lowe TL, Philipps AF, Herington AC . Co-expression of GH and GHR isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines. Growth Horm IGF Res 2002; 12: 126–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rowlands MA, Gunnell D, Harris R, Vatten LJ, Holly JM, Martin RM . Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2416–2429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mucci LA, Stark JR, Pollak MN, Li H, Kurth T, Stampfer MJ et al. Plasma levels of acid-labile subunit, free insulin-like growth factor-I, and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 484–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gill JK, Wilkens LR, Pollak MN, Stanczyk FZ, Kolonel LN . Androgens, growth factors, and risk of prostate cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort. Prostate 2010; 70: 906–915.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Pierorazio PM, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Longo DL, Metter EJ, Carter HB . Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. BJU Int 2010; 105: 824–829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Morote J, Ramirez C, Gomez E, Planas J, Raventos CX, de Torres IM et al. The relationship between total and free serum testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and tumour aggressiveness. BJU Int 2009; 104: 486–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M Khera.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pastuszak, A., Liu, J., Vij, A. et al. IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function. Int J Impot Res 23, 220–226 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2011.31

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2011.31

Keywords

Search

Quick links