1. ¹LactoPharma Consortium, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
2. ²Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
3. ³Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Correspondence: GW Krissansen, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: gw.krissansen@auckland.ac.nz

⁴Current address: BioDeakin, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.

Received 21 September 2007; Revised 23 November 2007; Accepted 5 December 2007; Published online 12 February 2008.

Abstract

Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), an iron-containing natural defence protein found in bodily secretions, has been reported to inhibit carcinogenesis and the growth of tumours. Here, we investigated whether natural bLf and iron-saturated forms of bLf differ in their ability to augment cancer chemotherapy. bLf was supplemented into the diet of C57BL/6 mice that were subsequently challenged subcutaneously with tumour cells, and treated by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy eradicated large (0.6 cm diameter) EL-4 lymphomas in mice that had been fed iron-saturated bLf (here designated Lf⁺) for 6 weeks prior to chemotherapy, but surprisingly not in mice that were fed lesser iron-saturated forms of bLf, including apo-bLf (4% iron saturated), natural bLf (15% iron saturated) and 50% iron-saturated bLf. Lf⁺-fed mice bearing either EL-4, Lewis lung carcinoma or B16 melanoma tumours completely rejected their tumours within 3 weeks following a single injection of either paclitaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin or flurouracil, whereas mice fed the control diet were resistant to chemotherapy. Lf⁺ had to be fed to mice for more than 2 weeks prior to chemotherapy to be wholly effective in eradicating tumours from all mice, suggesting that it acts as a competence factor. It significantly reduced tumour vascularity and blood flow, and increased antitumour cytotoxicity, tumour apoptosis and the infiltration of tumours by leukocytes. Lf⁺ bound to the intestinal epithelium and was preferentially taken up within Peyer's patches. It increased the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines within the intestine and tumour, including TNF, IFN-, as well as nitric oxide that have been reported to sensitize tumours to chemotherapy. Importantly, it restored both red and white peripheral blood cell numbers depleted by chemotherapy, potentially fortifying the mice against cancer. In summary, bLf is a potent natural adjuvant and fortifying agent for augmenting cancer chemotherapy, but needs to be saturated with iron to be effective.