Abstract
Unbiased and maximum likelihood estimators for the cytonuclear disequilibrium measures D1, D2, and D3 are given, and their exact variances are determined with the use of indicator variables. Conditions under which the exact variances should be used include when the geno-typic disequilibria or the cytoplasmic allele frequency are extreme. These unbiased estimators are shown to have high efficiency by comparison to the Cramer-Rao lower bound on variances of unbiased estimators of the disequilibria. The maximum likelihood estimators are recommended on the basis of small sample properties.
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements We thank Maria Sanchez for her assistance in checking the mathematics and statistics. We are also deeply appreciative to the two reviewers whose comments substantially improved this manuscript.
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Dean, R., Arnold, J. Small sample properties for estimators of cytonuclear disequilibria. Heredity 77, 396–399 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1996.159
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1996.159