We have known for a while that silica is a promising candidate gene delivery vector. New in vivo data from Dhruba Bharali and co-workers raise the hopes a notch for such approaches by showing that organically modified silica nanoparticles (that the authors call ORMOSIL) can be used to deliver genes to the brain.1
Silica, a major and natural component of sand and glass, has been employed in material sciences and engineering for many years. It is a versatile material due to the variety of available chemical and physical modifications that are available. Silica is also a relatively benign material due to its biocompatibility – many people eat it as a dietary supplement. Recently, silica has been used for gene delivery, as researchers around the world have pursued more efficient DNA delivery vectors for both basic research and clinical trials.
For nonviral gene delivery, DNA must be complexed with transfection reagents before it can be efficiently delivered into cells. Most DNA transfection reagents utilize the cationic nature of synthetic polymers, dendrimers, and lipids to condense plasmid DNA. Pure silica nanoparticles without surface modifications do not seem to be able to condense and deliver DNA. However, in cultured cells they are able to aid other cationic transfection reagents for enhanced gene delivery, primarily due to a ‘concentration’ mechanism where dense silica nanoparticles concentrate DNA-transfection reagent complexes at the surface of cell monolayers due to gravity.2 These silica-mediated DNA delivery systems turned out to be very versatile, and were further developed into modular transfection systems, in which different components (including fluorescent dyes) can be incorporated to aid in intracellular tracking.3, 4, 5
Additional surface modifications greatly extended the utility of silica nanoparticles in DNA delivery. For example, silica nanoparticles modified with aminosilanes (either N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane or N-(6-aminohexyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane) were able to condense and deliver DNA, very much like cationic polymers,6, 7 without the addition of other cationic transfection reagents. Other cationic silica nanoparticles with surfaces modified by amino-hexyl-amino-propyltri-methoxysilane (AHAPS) were also reported recently to be successful transfection reagents.8 Moreover, a combination of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer and silica nanoparticles was reported recently: mesoporous silica nanoparticles were covalently attached to low generation PAMAM dendrimers, leading to a transfection reagent that complexed and delivered DNA.9
Building upon their earlier success in fabricating ORMOSIL – which are essentially amino-functionalized ultra-fine silica nanoparticles5 – Bharali et al.1 now report its use for in vivo gene delivery in the brain. ORMOSIL's transfection efficiency was equal to or even better than Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1). Moreover, ORMOSIL-mediated delivery does not cause the tissue damage or immunological side effects that have been commonly observed with viral-mediated gene delivery.10, 11
According to this new report, the procedures for ORMOSIL-mediated gene delivery are relatively simple. Ultra-fine silica nanoparticles are first surface modified with cationic amine groups. DNA is then complexed with these particles through a 30-min incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The DNA-complexed ORMOSIL is then directly injected into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc): an area of the brain that is richly populated with neuronal cells.
In the studies reported in PNAS, a reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP), was first used to assess the overall efficiency of in vivo transfection. After the initial validation, a functional gene, the nucleus-targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 (FGFR-1), was used to further demonstrate the efficient gene delivery capability of ORMOSIL. In particular, an area of the brain that generates neural stem cells was targeted: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle (LV). Unlike surface FGFR-1, nucleus-targeting FGFR-1 causes cells to withdraw from the cell-cycle, which results in neuronal differentiation (as opposed to proliferation).
The results were encouraging: after intraventricular injection of ORMOSIL-FGFR-1 complexes, a significant inhibition was observed of the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of the cells in the SVZ and the adjacent rostral migratory stream, which suggest that the proliferation of these cells was indeed greatly inhibited. These new experiments clearly demonstrate that ORMOSIL can be used not only for tracking the fate of delivered silica nanoparticles in the brain via delivery of reporter genes such as EGFP, but also for monitoring or even controlling the cell biology in situ via efficient in vivo delivery of clinically relevant genes such as nucleus-specific FGFR-1. That these new genetic manipulations occurred without the use of viral vectors, and were enabled by silica nanoparticles, is provocative. These studies will surely encourage others to investigate the role of nanoparticle chemistry and morphology on gene transfer in animals.
From work accumulated over the past 5 years, it is now clear that no single nonviral vector will serve as a universal gene delivery vehicle. Different clinical settings and different anatomic sites require different materials and different approaches to deliver genes. Bharali et al., have demonstrated for the first time that silica nanoparticles are promising candidates for efficient DNA delivery in the brain. This work and other similar studies also makes it clear that there is little correlation between in vitro and in vivo gene delivery using most transfection systems. Traditional ways of testing new DNA delivery agents, by using cultured model cell lines with reporter genes, may need to be re-evaluated and changed. Instead, specific cells that best represent tissue and intended genes, should be assessed in the beginning. Better yet, direct animal experiments should be carried out at a very early stage. â–ª
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Luo, D., Saltzman, W. Nonviral gene delivery: Thinking of silica. Gene Ther 13, 585–586 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302662
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302662
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