Abstract
IL-18 regulates either Th1 or Th2 responses depending on the cytokine microenvironment. Administration of recombinant IL-18 (rIL-18) alone does not promote Th1 response, but rather induces Th2 response and exacerbates Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. Here, we treated BALB/c mice with an IL-18-expressing plasmid by using a gene gun weekly after L. major infection. This gene therapy resulted in improved pathogenic process and preferential induction of Th1 responses by inducing the expression of IL-12 p40, but treatment with rIL-18 did not. Notably, simultaneous administration of rIL-18 with an empty plasmid vector rendered BALB/c mice resistant to the infection, despite the fact that treatment with either rIL-18 alone or the plasmid vector alone did not influence the susceptibility. The synergistic role of the vector with rIL-18 was found to depend on CpG motifs, which enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-12, from APCs through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 ligation. Treatment with methylated plasmid vector in which CpG was disrupted could no longer prevent the disease development in coadministration with rIL-18. Taken together, IL-18 gene therapy was shown to develop Th1-type protective immunity in L. major-infected BALB/c mice without the requirement of exogenous IL-12, probably via CpG-TLR9 signaling pathway.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Drs J Miyazaki and I Hara for kindly providing the pCAGGS vector and mouse IL-18 cDNA and Dr J Magram for providing IL-12 p40-deficient mice. We also thank Drs Y Yoshikai and H Yoshida for their constructive discussions regarding the manuscript. This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (15019075, 15025255, 15390136, 15659265).
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Li, Y., Ishii, K., Hisaeda, H. et al. IL-18 gene therapy develops Th1-type immune responses in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice: is the effect mediated by the CpG signaling TLR9?. Gene Ther 11, 941–948 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302240
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302240
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