Table 2 - Innervation and actions of the tongue involved in oropharyngeal swallowing
From the following article
Physiology of oral cavity, pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter
Benson T. Massey
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo2
| Functional Group | Muscle | Innervation | Site of motor neurons | Function in deglutition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic tongue | Superior longitudinal | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla) | Shorten/tip deflect (up, lateral)/concave bow tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport |
| Inferior longitudinal | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla) | Shorten/tip deflect (down, lateral)/convex bow tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport | |
| Transverse | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla) | Narrow/lengthen tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport | |
| Verticalis | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla) | Broaden/flatten tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport | |
| Extrinsic tongue | Hyoglossus | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Lower/retract tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport | |
| Genioglossus | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Protrude/retract tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport | ||
| Styloglossus | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | Raise/retract tongue; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport; bolus preparation, formation, positioning, transport; seal oral cavity |
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