Table 2 - Etiologies of brainstem dysfunction
From the following article
Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motility disorders
Benson T. Massey and Reza Shaker
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo19
| Infectious/inflammatory/immune | Multiple sclerosis |
| Lupus vasculitis | |
| Ischemic | |
| Trauma | |
| Metabolic/degenerative | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy |
| Progressive pontobulbar palsy (Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome) | |
| Central pontine myelinolysis | |
| Neoplastic | Primary brainstem |
| Meningioma | |
| Skull base tumors | |
| Metastases | |
| Other destructive | Cavernous malformation |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | |
| Syringobulbia | |
| Iatrogenic | Radiation |
| Posterior fossa surgery |