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EMBO reports 1, 2, 151–157 (2000)
doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd028
Published online: August 2000
Synergy between estrogen receptor  activation functions AF1 and AF2 mediated by transcription intermediary factor TIF2
Arndt Benecke, Pierre Chambon & Hinrich Gronemeyer
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Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
To whom correspondence should be addressed
Hinrich Gronemeyer Tel: +33 3 88 65 32 01; Fax: +33 3 88 65 34 73; hg@titus.u-strasbg.fr
Received 3 May 2000; Accepted 26 June 2000.
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Abstract
The activation function AF2 in the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptors ER and ER signals through the recruitment of nuclear receptor coactivators. Recent evidence indicates that coactivators, such as the transcription intermediary factor TIF2, also bind to and transactivate the N-terminal AF1 function of the two ERs. We have generated TIF2 mutant proteins that are deficient in either AF1 or AF2 interaction and use these mutants to investigate the relative contribution of both AFs to TIF2 recruitment and transactivation. We observe that TIF2 is capable of interacting simultaneously with both the isolated N- and C-terminus of ER in transfected mammalian cells and in vitro, indicating that TIF2 can bridge both receptor domains. The concomitant interaction of TIF2 with both AFs results in synergistic activation of transcription. Thus, synergy between ER AF1 and AF2 is a result of the cooperative recruitment of TIF2 and/or other members of the p160 coactivator family.
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