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| The EMBO Journal
(1997) 16, 6996–7007, doi:10.1093/emboj/16.23.6996 |
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| Solution structure and basis for functional activity of stromal cell-derived factor-1; dissociation of CXCR4 activation from binding and inhibition of HIV-1 |
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| Matthew P. Crump1, Jiang-Hong Gong2, Pius Loetscher3, Krishna Rajarathnam1, Ali Amara4, Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos4, Jean-Louis Virelizier4, Marco Baggiolini3, Brian D. Sykes1 and Ian Clark-Lewis2 |
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1 Protein Engineering Network of Centers of Excellence (PENCE) and Department of Biochemistry, 713 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2 2 Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3 3 Theodor-Kocher Institute, University of Bern, PO Box 3000, Bern 9, Switzerland 4 Unite d'Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France Received 31 July 1997; Revised 28 August 1997. |
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| Abstract |
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| The three-dimensional structure of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was determined by NMR spectroscopy. SDF-1 is a monomer with a disordered N-terminal region (residues 1–8), and differs from other chemokines in the packing of the hydrophobic core and surface charge distribution. Results with analogs showed that the N-terminal eight residues formed an important receptor binding site; however, only Lys-1 and Pro-2 were directly involved in receptor activation. Modification to Lys-1 and/or Pro-2 resulted in loss of activity, but generated potent SDF-1 antagonists. Residues 12–17 of the loop region, which we term the RFFESH motif, unlike the N-terminal region, were well defined in the SDF-1 structure. The RFFESH formed a receptor binding site, which we propose to be an important initial docking site of SDF-1 with its receptor. The ability of the SDF-1 analogs to block HIV-1 entry via CXCR4, which is a HIV-1 coreceptor for the virus in addition to being the receptor for SDF-1, correlated with their affinity for CXCR4. Activation of the receptor is not required for HIV-1 inhibition. |
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| Keywords: chemokines, G-protein coupled receptors, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, protein synthesis, stromal cell-derived factor-1 |
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