TABLE 1
FROM:
A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe
Siiri Rootsi, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Marian Baldovi
, Manfred Kayser, Ildus A Kutuev, Rita Khusainova, Marina A Bermisheva, Marina Gubina, Sardana A Fedorova, Anne-Mai Ilumäe, Elza K Khusnutdinova, Mikhail I Voevoda, Ludmila P Osipova, Mark Stoneking, Alice A Lin, Vladimir Ferak, Jüri Parik, Toomas Kivisild, Peter A Underhill and Richard Villems
Table 1. Coalescent times of haplogroups
| Haplogroups | Evolutionary time estimates a | Pedigree-based time estimates b |
|---|---|---|
| N*/O | 34.6 4.7c
| 10.41.4 |
| N* | 12.63.1d
| 3.80.9 |
| N* | 11.92.5e
| 3.60.7 |
| N* | 12.63.1f
| 3.80.9 |
| N (combined data from N1–N3) | 19.44.8g
| 5.81.4 |
| 14.24.0h
| 4.21.2 | |
| N2-A | 6.22.0 | 1.80.6 |
| N2-E | 6.82.9 | 2.00.9 |
| N3 (in North China) | 11.86.8 | 3.52.0 |
| Divergence between N and I | 54.031.8i
*
| 16.29.5*
|
a Time estimates (in ky) calculated, according to the method described in Zhivotovsky et al
15. The evolutionary effective mutation rate (6.9 
10-4 per 25 years) is calibrated using data on microsatellite variation within Y chromosome haplogroups defined by SNPs in populations with documented short-term histories.
b Pedigree time estimates (in ky) are based on mutation rate of 2.3 10-3 per generation (averaged across compiled data in Table 6 in Dupuy et al
16 and assuming a generation time of 25 years) and describe the average mutation rate of STRs in deep pedigree studies.
c Based on commonly used eight STR loci from Supplementary Table 2 and Sengupta et al 10
d Time estimate based on five chromosomes across 15 loci (Supplementary Table 2, excluding loci DYS385ab with overlapping repeats).
e The time estimate for 11 chromosomes from diverse populations of China and Cambodia at 10 loci from Sengupta et al 10 (updated in this study).
f Estimate based on analysis of 16 N* Y chromosomes using eight commonly used STR loci yielded an estimate of 12.63.1 ky.
g Calculation based on data with Yakuts N3 and N2- E individuals.
h Calculation based on data without Yakuts N3 and N2-E individuals.
i Based on the evolutionary effective mutation rate (6.9 10-4 per 25 years) and five common loci from Rootsi et al
22 and this study (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393).
* The estimates were computed to compare the time calibrations based on both mutation rates used in this table. The pedigree-based estimates show unreastically low estimates of divergence time between these haplogroups incompatible with archaeological data on divergence between peopling Europe and east Asia. The large errors are due to locus DYS392 at which probably occurred a jump between these haplogroups.
