FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.

Phylogeny of NO clade. Phylogenetic relationships of the NO clade and its subclades together with the defining SNP markers. Mutation labeling follows the YCC nomenclature.^{1, 4} Left of the phylogeny, the ages in 1000 years (ky) of the splits between subclades are shown.

Figure 2.

Geographical distribution of NO clade. (a–g) Spatial frequency distributions of the NO clade: NO^*, N (overall distribution of hg N), O (overall distribution of hg O), N^*, N1, N2, N3. Maps are based on data from Supplementary Table 1. We label various panels following the YCC 'by mutation' format by adding the relevant mutation suffix.

Figure 3.

Median network of N–O haplogroups. Median joining network of hg N–O haplotypes was constructed based on data of 17 STRs and bi-allelic markers in 58 individuals by using the program Network 4.1.1.2. Each circle represents a haplotype, defined by a combination of STR markers. Circle size is shown proportional to haplotype frequency, according to data presented in Supplementary Table 2. Haplotypes are labeled as follows: Al–Altaian, Ba–Bashkir, Ch–Chinese, Ci–Chukci, Cu–Chuvash, Eo–Eskimo, Ee–Estonian, Ev–Evenk, Fj–Fiji, Ka–Karelian, Kh–Khakash, Ko–Komi, Ma–Mari, Ru–Russian, Sl–Slovak, Ta–Tatar, Tu–Tuva, Ud–Udmurt, Uk–Ukrainian, Vp–Vepsa, Ya–Yakut. Colors indicate the subdivisions inside haplogroups: light green for European N3-haplotypes, dark green for Asian N3-haplotypes, light blue for European N2-haplotypes, blue for Asian N2-haplotypes, brown for N1-haplotypes, pink for N^* haplotypes, purple for O-haplotype.

Table 1 - Coalescent times of haplogroups.