Original Article
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 347–354; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602952; published online 5 December 2007
Evaluation of urinary iodine excretion as a biomarker for intake of milk and dairy products in pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Contributors: ALB, HMM, MH and JA contributed to the study design and planning. ALB conducted the study while MH assisted with the statistical methodology and analysis. KJ carried out the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyzing iodine. All authors took part in the final evaluation of the data and in preparation of the article.
A L Brantsæter1, M Haugen1, K Julshamn2, J Alexander1 and H M Meltzer1
- 1Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- 2National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
Correspondence: Dr AL Brantsæter, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo N-0403, Norway. E-mail: Anne.Lise.Brantsaeter@fhi.no
Received 24 April 2007; Revised 29 June 2007; Accepted 7 October 2007; Published online 5 December 2007.
Abstract
Background/Objectives:
Milk and dairy products are the main sources of iodine in the Norwegian diet. This is due to a high consumption of milk and dairy products combined with a relatively high concentration of iodine in milk because of mandatory iodine fortification of cow fodder. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between 24-h urinary iodine excretion and estimated dietary intake, and to explore the use of 24-h urinary iodine excretion as a possible biomarker for the intake of milk and dairy products when assessing the validity of a new food frequency questionnaire for pregnant women participating the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).
Subject/Methods
119 women participated in a validation study. Iodine was analyzed in 24-h urine. Dietary intakes were estimated by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 4-day weighed food diary (FD). Using linear regression, predictors of urinary iodine excretion were identified. The triangular method was applied to calculate validity coefficients.
Results:
Significant predictors of 24-h urinary iodine excretion were: intake of dairy products, iodine-containing supplements and intake of fruit/vegetables. Fish/seafood intake and time of the year influenced 24-h urinary iodine excretion, although not significantly. The validity coefficients observed for total intake of dairy products were 0.65, 0.94 and 0.52 for the FFQ, the FD and the 24-h urinary iodine excretion, respectively.
Conclusions:
The present study showed that 24-h urinary iodine excretion may be a useful biomarker for validating the intake of milk and dairy products in pregnant Norwegian women.
Keywords:
24-h urinary iodine excretion, biomarker, pregnant women, diary product intake, validation, food frequency questionnaire
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