Original Article
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 1000–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602411; published online 1 February 2006
Assessment of carotenoid status and the relation to glycaemic control in type I diabetics: a follow-up study
Guarantors: B Olmedilla and F Granado.
Contributors: FG and BO had the major responsibility for designing the study and writing the manuscript; FG, BO and IB performed analysis of serum and dietary carotenoids and FG and BO carried out the statistical analysis. FB and AS contributed to the clinical management and follow-up of the patients.
F Granado-Lorencio1, B Olmedilla-Alonso1, I Blanco-Navarro1, F Botella-Romero1,2 and A Simal-Antón1
1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
Correspondence: Dr F Granado-Lorencio, Unidad de Vitaminas, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28035 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: bolmedilla.hpth@salud.madrid.org
2Current address: Unidad de Nutrición Clínica Hospital General de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain.
Received 1 May 2005; Revised 16 November 2005; Accepted 30 November 2005; Published online 1 February 2006.
Abstract
Objective:
To assess the carotenoid status in young type I diabetic patients and its relationship to the glycaemic control of the disease.
Design:
A follow-up study.
Setting:
Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Health Area VI of Madrid (Spain).
Subjects:
Forty-seven type I diabetic patients, followed for 2.5 years.
Interventions:
Coinciding with physical examination and laboratory tests, serum levels of carotenoids were analysed by HPLC, and dietary intake of carotenoids was evaluated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 3-day prospective dietary records.
Results:
In type I diabetic patients, average intake, serum levels and correlations between diet and serum levels of carotenoids were comparable to those in reference non-diabetic groups. Between-subjects seasonal variations were observed for 
-cryptoxanthin intake and serum levels (higher in winter) and serum lycopene (higher in summer). Significant within-subjects seasonal changes were shown for dietary and serum -cryptoxanthin and serum -carotene. Serum carotenoids were unrelated to glycaemic control markers. Subjects with clinically acceptable glycaemic control showed lower lycopene intake than those with unacceptable control. Intake of carotenoids did not explain variance in insulin dose, fasting glycaemia, fructosamine or HbA1c. With the exception of lycopene, serum carotenoids were predicted by dietary intake, but in no case by fasting glycaemia, HbA1c or fructosamine.
Conclusion:
In type I diabetic patients, serum carotenoid concentrations and their variance are determined by dietary intake patterns, and are unrelated to the glycaemic control of the disease, as assessed by biochemical markers.
Keywords:
carotenoids, type I diabetes, glycaemic control, oxidative stress, long-term diabetic complications
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