Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

Anti-idiotype antibodies in cancer treatment

Abstract

As a cancer immunotherapy tool, idiotypes (Ids) have been used in different ways over the last three decades, depending on the actual human tumor cell target. It all started with passive, monoclonal, anti-Id antibody treatment of B-cell lymphoma, a setting in which results were tantalizing, but logistics unsustainable. It then moved toward the development of anti-Id vaccines for the treatment of the same tumors, a setting in which we have recently provided the first formal proof of principle of clinical benefit associated with the use of a human cancer vaccine. Meanwhile, it also expanded in the direction of exploiting the antigenic mimicry of some Ids with Id-unrelated, tumor-associated antigens for the immunotherapy of a number of solid tumors, a setting in which clinical results are still far from being consolidated. All in all, over the years Id-based immunotherapy has paved the way for a number of seminal therapeutic improvements for cancer patients, including the development of most if not all Id-unrelated monoclonal antibodies that have recently revolutionized the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allebes W, Knops R, Bontrop RE, Otting N, Raemakers J, Haanen C et al. (1990). Phenotypic and functional changes of tumour cells from patients treated with monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Scand J Immunol 32: 441–449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allebes WA, Knops R, Herold M, Huber C, Haanen C, Capel P . (1991). Immunotherapy with monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies: tumor reduction and lymphokine production. Leuk Res 15: 215–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alfonso M, Diaz A, Hernandez AM, Perez A, Rodriguez E, Bitton R et al. (2002). An anti-idiotype vaccine elicits a specific response to N-glycolyl sialic acid residues of glycoconjugates in melanoma patients. J Immunol 1: 2523–2529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baral R, Sherrat A, Das R, Foon KA, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M . (2001). Murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody as a surrogate antigen for human Her-2/neu. Int J Cancer 1: 88–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrios Y, Cabrera R, Yanez R, Briz M, Plaza A, Fores R et al. (2002). Anti-idiotypic vaccination in the treatment of low-grade B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 87: 400–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendandi M . (2001). Role of anti-idiotype vaccines in the modern treatment of human follicular lymphoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 1: 65–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendandi M . (2004). The role of idiotype vaccines in the treatment of human B-cell malignancies. Expert Rev Vaccines 3: 163–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendandi M . (2006). Clinical benefit of idiotype vaccines: too many trials for a clever demonstration? Recent Rev Clin Trials 1: 67–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendandi M, Gocke DC, Kobrin CB, Benki FA, Sternas LA, Pennington R et al. (1999). Complete molecular remissions induced by patient-specific vaccination plus granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor against lymphoma. Nat Med 5: 1171–1177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendandi M, Rodriguez-Calvillo M, Inoges S, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Perez-Simon JA, Rodriguez-Caballero A et al. (2006). Combined vaccination with idiotype-pulsed allogeneic dendritic cells and soluble protein idiotype for multiple myeloma patients relapsing after reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma 47: 29–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benvenuti F, Burrone OR, Efremov DG . (2000). Anti-idiotypic DNA vaccines for lymphoma immunotherapy require the presence of both variable region genes for tumor protection. Gene Therapy 7: 605–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertinetti C, Simon F, Zirlik K, Heining-Mikesh K, Pfeifer D, Osterroth F et al. (2006a). Cloning of idiotype immunoglobulin genes in B cell lymphomas by anchored PCR and production of individual recombinant idiotype vaccines in Escherichia coli. Eur J Haematol 77: 395–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertinetti C, Zirlik K, Heining-Mikesch K, Ihorst G, Dierbach H, Waller CF et al. (2006b). Phase I trial of a novel intradermal idiotype vaccine in patients with advanced B-cell lymphoma: specific immune responses despite profound immunosuppression. Cancer Res 15: 4496–4502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Chatterjee SK, Foon KA . (2002). Anti-idiotype antibody vaccine therapy for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2: 869–881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birebent B, Koido T, Mitchell E, Li W, Somasundaram R, Purev E et al. (2001a). Anti-idiotypic antibody (ab2) vaccines: coupling of Ab2 BR3E4 to KLH increases humoral and/or cellular immune responses in animals and colorectal cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 39: 107–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birebent B, Koido T, Mitchell E, Li W, Somasundaram R, Purev E et al. (2001b). Anti-idiotypic antibody (ab2) vaccines: coupling of Ab2 BR3E4 to KLH increases humoral and/or cellular immune responses in animals and colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2: 27–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caspar CB, Levy S, Levy R . (1997). Idiotype vaccines for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma induce polyclonal immune responses that cover mutated tumor idiotypes: comparison of different vaccine formulations. Blood 90: 3699–3706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CC, Hernandez-Guzman FG, Luo W, Wang X, Ferrone S, Ghosh D . (2005). Structural basis of antigen mimicry in a clinically relevant melanoma antigen system. J Biol Chem 280: 41546–41552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coscia M, Mariani S, Battaglio S, Di Bello C, Fiore F, Foglietta M et al. (2004). Long-term follow-up of idiotype vaccination in human myeloma as a maintenance therapy after high-dose chemotherapy. Leukemia 18: 139–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cull G, Durrant L, Stainer C, Haynes A, Russell N . (1999). Generation of anti-idiotype immune responses following vaccination with idiotype-protein pulsed dendritic cells in myeloma. Br J Haematol 107: 648–655.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis TA, Maloney DG, Czerwinski DK, Liles TM, Levy R . (1998). Anti-idiotype antibodies can induce long term complete remissions in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma without eradicating the malignant clone. Blood 92: 1184–1190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz A, Alfonso M, Alonso R, Saurez G, Troche M, Catala M et al. (2003). Immune responses in breast cancer patients immunized with an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking NeuGc-containing gangliosides. Clin Immunol 107: 80–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foon KA, John WJ, Chakraborty M, Das R, Teitelbaum A, Garrison J et al. (1999). Clinical and immune responses in resected colon cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen. J Clin Oncol 17: 2889–2895.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foon KA, John WJ, Chakraborty M, Sherratt A, Garrison J, Flett M et al. (1997). Clinical and immune responses in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res 3: 1267–1276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guthmann MD, Castro MA, Cinat G, Venier C, Koliren L, Bitton RJ et al. (2006). Cellular and humoral immune response to N-Glycolyl-GM3 elicited by prolonged immunotherapy with an anti-idiotypic vaccine in high-risk and metastatic breast cancer patients. J Immunother 29: 215–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins RE, Russell SJ, Marcus R, Ashworth LJ, Brissnik J, Zhang J et al. (1997). A pilot study of idiotypic vaccination for follicular B-cell lymphoma using a genetic approach. CRC no: 92/33. Protocol no: PH1/027. Hum Gene Ther 8: 1287–1299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herlyn D, Wettendorff M, Iliopoulos D, Schmoll E, Schedel I, Koprowski H . (1989). Modulation of cancer patients' immune responses by administration of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Viral Immunol 2: 271–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, Liles TM, Czerwinski D, Taidi B et al. (1996). Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 2: 52–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu FJ, Caspar CB, Czerwinski D, Kwak LW, Liles TM, Syrengelas A et al. (1997). Tumor-specific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoma – long-term results of a clinical trial. Blood 89: 3129–3135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurvitz SA, Timmerman JM . (2005). Recombinant, tumour-derived idiotype vaccination for indolent B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a focus on FavId. Expert Opin Biol Ther 5: 841–852.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inogés S, Rodriguez-Calvillo M, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Zabalegui N, Perez-Calvo J, Panizo CHernandez M et al. (2003). Feasibility of idiotype vaccination in relapsed B-cell malignancies. Haematologica 88: 1438–1440.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inogés S, Rodriguez-Calvillo M, Zabalegui N, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Villanueva H, Soria E et al. (2006). Clinical benefit associated with idiotypic vaccination in patients with follicular lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 1292–1301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King CA, Spellerber MB, Zhu D, Rice J, Sahota SS, Thompsett AR et al. (1998). DNA vaccines with single-chain Fv fused to fragment C of tetanus toxin induce protective immunity against lymphoma and myeloma. Nat Med 4: 1281–1286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak LE, Campbell MJ, Czerwinski DK, Hart S, Miller RA, Levy R . (1992). Induction of immune responses in patients with B-cell lymphoma against the surface-immunoglobulin idiotype expressed by their tumors. N Engl J Med 327: 1209–1215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak LW, Young HA, Pennington RW, Weeks SD . (1996). Vaccination with syngeneic, lymphoma-derived immunoglobulin idiotype combined with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor primes mice for a protective T-cell response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 10972–10977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longo DL . (2006). Idiotype vaccination in follicular lymphoma: knocking on the doorway to cure. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 1263–1265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutzky J, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Orzano JA . (2002). Antibody-based vaccines for the treatment of melanoma. Semin Oncol 29: 462–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maloney DG, Brown S, Czerwinski DK, Lies TM, Hart SM, Miller RA et al. (1992). Monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody therapy of B-cell lymphoma: the addition of a short course of chemotherapy does not interfere with the antitumor effect nor prevent the emergence of idiotype-negative varient cells. Blood 80: 1502–1510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massaia M, Borrione P, Battaglio S, Mariani S, Beggiato E, Napoli P et al. (1999). Idiotype vaccination in human myeloma: generation of tumor-specific immune responses after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood 15: 673–683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeker T, Lowder J, Cleary ML, Stewart S, Warnke R, Sklar J et al. (1985). Emergence of idiotype variants during treatment of B-cell lymphoma with anti-idiotype antibodies. N Engl J Med 312: 1658–1665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RA, Maloney DG, Warnke R, Levy R . (1982). Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. N Engl J Med 4: 517–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelman A, Chen GZ, Wong GY, Liu C, Hirai S, Ferrone S . (1995). Human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23: modulation of the immunogenicity in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 1: 405–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelman A, Chen ZJ, Liu CC, Hirai S, Ferrone S . (1994). Kinetics of the immune response and regression of metastatic lesions following development of humoral anti-high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen immunity in three patients with advanced malignant melanoma immunized with mouse antiidiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23. Cancer Res 54: 415–421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty K, Saha A, Pal S, Mallick P, Chatterjee SK, Foon KA et al. (2006). Anti-tumor immunity induced by an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking human Her-2/neu. Breast Cancer Res Treat [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Mosolits S, Markovic K, Frodin JE, Virving L, Magnusson CG, Steinitz M et al. (2004). Vaccination with Ep-CAM protein or anti-idiotypic antibody induces Th1-biased response against MHC class I- and II-restricted Ep-CAM epitopes in colorectal carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 15: 5391–5402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JL, Gillogly M, Kawano K, Efferson CL, Lee JE, Ross M et al. (2004). Fine specificity of high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies in patients with melanoma. Cancer Res 64: 5481–5488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neelapu SS, Gause BL, Nikcevich DA, Schuster SJ, Winter J, Gockerman JP et al. (2005a). Phase III randomized trial of patient-specific vaccination for previously untreated patients with follicular lymphoma in first complete remission: protocol summary and interim report. Clin Lymphoma 6: 61–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Kobrin CB, Reynolds CW, Janik JE, Dunleavy K et al. (2005b). Vaccine-induced tumor-specific immunity despite severe B-cell depletion in mantle cell lymphoma. Nat Med 11: 986–991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neelapu SS, Munshi NC, Jagannath S, Watson TM, Pennington R, Reynolds C et al. (2005c). Tumor antigen immunization of sibling stem cell transplant donors in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 36: 315–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterborg A, Yi Q, Henriksson L, Fagerberg J, Bergenbrant S, Jeddi-Tehrani M et al. (1998). Idiotype immunization combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in myeloma patients induced type I, major histocompatibility complex-restricted, CD8- and CD4-specific T-cell responses. Blood 7: 2459–2466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfisterer J, du Bois A, Sehouli J, Loibl S, Reinartz S, Reuss A et al. (2006). The anti-idiotypic antibody abagovomab in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. A phase I trial of the AGO-OVAR. Ann Oncol 17: 1568–1577.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pignatari GC, Takeshita D, Parise CB, Soares FA, de Moraes JZ, Han SW . (2006). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mimicry by an anti-idiotypic scFv isolated from anti-Id 6*C4 hybridoma. J Biotechnol [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Raffeld M, Neckers L, Longo DL, Cossman J . (1985). Spontaneous alteration of idiotype in a monoclonal B-cell lymphoma. Escape from detection by anti-idiotype. N Engl J Med 312: 1653–1658.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen T, Hansson L, Osterborg A, Johnsen HE, Mellstedt H . (2003). Idiotype vaccination in multiple myeloma induced a reduction of circulating clonal tumor B cells. Blood 101: 4607–4610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redfern CH, Guthrie TH, Bessudo A, Densmore JJ, Holman PR, Janakiraman N et al. (2006). Phase II trial of idiotype vaccination in previously treated patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resulting in durable clinical responses. J Clin Oncol 24: 3107–31012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reece DE, Foon KA, Battacharya-Chatterjee M, Adkins D, Broun ER, Connaghan DG et al. (2001). Interim analysis of the use of the anti-idiotype breast cancer vaccine 11D10 (TriAb) in conjunction with autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 1: 52–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reece DE, Foon KA, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Hale GA, Howard DS, Munn RK et al. (2000). Use of the anti-idiotype antibody vaccine TriAb after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transplant 26: 729–735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt VL, Milazzo C, Brugger W, Einsele H, Kanz L, Brossart P . (2003). Idiotype vaccination of multiple myeloma patients using monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Haematologica 88: 1139–1149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt VL, Okada CY, Liso A, Benike CJ, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Engleman EG . (1999). Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma – a feasibility study. Blood 1: 2411–2419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinartz S, Hombach A, Kohler S, Schlebusch H, Wallwiener D, Abken H et al. (2003). Interleukin-6 fused to an anti-idiotype antibody in a vaccine increases the specific humoral immune response against CA125+ (MUC-16) ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 63: 3234–3240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinartz S, Kohler S, Schlebusch H, Krista K, Giffels P, Renke K et al. (2004). Vaccination of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with the anti-idiotype ACA125: immunological response and survival (phase Ib/II). Clin Cancer Res 1: 1580–1587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbatini P, Dupont J, Aghajanian C, Derosa F, Poynor E, Anderson S et al. (2006). Phase I study of abagovomab in patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12: 5503–5510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saha A, Baral RN, Chatterjee SK, Mohanty K, Pal S, Foon KA et al. (2006). CpG oligonucleotides enhance the tumor antigen-specific immune response of an anti-idiotype antibody-based vaccine strategy in CEA transgenic mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Saleh MN, Lalisan Jr DY, Pride MW, Solinger A, Mayo MS, LoBuglio AF et al. (1998). Immunologic response to the dual murine anti-Id vaccine Melimmune-1 and Melimmune-2 in patients with high-risk melanoma without evidence of systemic disease. J Immunother 21: 379–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savelyeva N, Munday R, Spellerber MB, Lomonossoff GP, Stevenson FK . (2001). Plant viral genes in DNA idiotypic vaccines activate linked CD4+ T-cell mediated immunity against B-cell malignancies. Nat Biotechnol 19: 760–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somasundaram R, Zaloudik J, Jacob L, Benden A, Sperlagh M, Hart E et al. (1995). Induction of antigen-specific T and B cell immunity in colon carcinoma patients by anti-idiotypic antibody. J Immunol 155: 3253–3261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson FK, Zhu D, King CA, Ashworth LJ, Kumar S, Hawkins RE . (1995a). Idiotypic DNA vaccines against B-cell lymphoma. Immunol Rev 145: 211–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson FK, Zhu D, King CA, Ashworth LJ, Kumar S, Thompsett A et al. (1995b). A genetic approach to idiotypic vaccination for B cell lymphoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 27: 212–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama T, Imai K, Ono A, Takayama Y, Tsujisaki M, Taki T et al. (1991). Conformational structure of a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to the monoclonal anti-adenocarcinoma-associated carbohydrate antibody YH206. J Immunol 146: 3097–3101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman JM . (2002). Vaccine therapies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr Sci 3: 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman JM, Czerwinski DK, Davis TA, Hsu FJ, Benike C, Hao ZM et al. (2002). Idiotype-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination for B-cell lymphoma: clinical and immune responses in 35 patients. Blood 99: 1517–1526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Titzer S, Christensen O, Manzke O, Tesch H, Wolf J, Emmerich B et al. (2000). Vaccination of multiple myeloma patients with idiotype-pulsed dendritic cells: immunological and clinical aspects. Br J Haematol 198: 805–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullenhag GJ, Spendlove I, Watson NF, Indar AA, Dube M, Robins RA et al. (2006). A neoadjuvant/adjuvant randomized trial of colorectal cancer patients vaccinated with an anti-idiotypic antibody, 105AD7, mimicking CD55. Clin Cancer Res [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Weng WK, Czerwinski D, Levy R . (2006). Humoral immune response and immunoglobulin G Fc receptor genotype are associated with better clinical outcome following idiotype vaccination in follicular lymphoma patients regardless of their response to induction chemotherapy. Blood [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Weng WK, Cerswinski D, Timmerman J, Hsu FJ, Levy R . (2004). Clinical outcome of lymphoma patients after idiotype vaccination is correlated with humoral immune response and immunoglobulin G Fc receptor genotype. J Clin Oncol 22: 4717–4724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu D, Rice J, Savelyeva N, Steenson FK . (2001). DNA fusion vaccines against B-cell tumors. Trends Mol Med 7: 566–572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the UTE FIMA project, Pamplona; the Red de Centros de Cáncer RTICCC (C03/10) of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; both the Department of Health and the Department of Education of the Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M Bendandi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

de Cerio, AD., Zabalegui, N., Rodríguez-Calvillo, M. et al. Anti-idiotype antibodies in cancer treatment. Oncogene 26, 3594–3602 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210371

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210371

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links