Original Article

International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 543–551. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803172; published online 29 November 2005

The effects of changing exercise levels on weight and age-related weight gain

P T Williams1 and P D Wood2

  1. 1Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Donner Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
  2. 2Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Correspondence: Dr PT Williams, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Donner Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. E-mail: ptwilliams@lbl.gov

Received 29 September 2004; Revised 25 January 2005; Accepted 17 March 2005; Published online 29 November 2005.

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Abstract

Objective:

 

To determine prospectively whether physical activity can prevent age-related weight gain and whether changing levels of activity affect body weight.

Design/subjects:

 

The study consisted of 8080 male and 4871 female runners who completed two questionnaires an average (plusminusstandard deviation (s.d.)) of 3.20plusminus2.30 and 2.59plusminus2.17 years apart, respectively, as part of the National Runners' Health Study.

Results:

 

Changes in running distance were inversely related to changes in men's and women's body mass indices (BMIs) (slopeplusminusstandard error (s.e.): -0.015plusminus0.001 and -0.009plusminus0.001 kg/m2 per Deltakm/week, respectively), waist circumferences (-0.030plusminus0.002 and -0.022plusminus0.005 cm per Deltakm/week, respectively) and percent changes in body weight (-0.062plusminus0.003 and -0.041plusminus0.003% per Deltakm/week, respectively, all P<0.0001). The regression slopes were significantly steeper (more negative) in men than women for DeltaBMI and Delta%body weight (P<0.0001). A longer history of running diminished the impact of changing running distance on men's weights. When adjusted for Deltakm/week, years of aging in men and years of aging in women were associated with increases of 0.066plusminus0.005 and 0.056plusminus0.006 kg/m2 in BMI, respectively, increases of 0.294plusminus0.019 and 0.279plusminus0.028% in Delta%body weight, respectively, and increases of 0.203plusminus0.016 and 0.271plusminus0.033 cm in waist circumference, respectively (all P<0.0001). These regression slopes suggest that vigorous exercise may need to increase 4.4 km/week annually in men and 6.2 km/week annually in women to compensate for the expected gain in weight associated with aging (2.7 and 3.9 km/week annually when correct for the attenuation due to measurement error).

Conclusions:

 

Age-related weight gain occurs even among the most active individuals when exercise is constant. Theoretically, vigorous exercise must increase significantly with age to compensate for the expected gain in weight associated with aging.

Keywords:

exercise, running, aging, body mass index, regional adiposity

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