We have initiated and developed over the last decade a translational methodology, convergent functional genomics (CFG), that integrates in a Bayesian fashion multiple lines of evidence from human and animal model studies (Figure 1). This approach has been applied, among others, to the study of bipolar disorder (Le-Niculescu et al, 2009b; Niculescu et al, 2000; Ogden et al, 2004) and schizophrenia (Le-Niculescu et al, 2007), as well as to the identification of blood biomarkers (Le-Niculescu et al, 2009a). Human data increase the relevance to the disorder (specificity), whereas animal model data increase the ability to identify the signal (sensitivity). Combined, we have an approach that increases our ability to distinguish signal from noise even with limited size cohorts and datasets. The CFG approach also increases the likelihood that the findings will prove reproducible and have predictive power in independent cohorts, which is a key litmus test for genetic and biomarker studies.

Figure 1
figure 1

Convergent Functional Genomics: multiple independent lines of evidence for Bayesian integration.

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The emerging picture from psychiatric genetics, in which our CFG approach has had a decade's head start, is that gene-level, followed by pathway-level and mechanisms-level, analyses appear to be the way to go, as opposed to focusing exclusively on identifying genetic polymorphisms. The latter method of analysis by itself is proving unwieldy because of the sheer number of common and rare variants involved (complexity) and the diversity (heterogeneity) in the population. A combined approach such as CFG, which is focused on gene-level integration, can harness the present and future body of work in the field to yield a successful outcome, truly reflecting, in essence, a field-wide collaboration (Le-Niculescu et al, 2009b).

We have built in our laboratory a large and evolving CFG-curated database, integrating our own datasets and published data in the field of psychiatric genetics and genomics, comprising at this point over 7000 genes. Using this database, there is an emerging appreciation at genetic, neurobiological, and phenotypic levels of the complexity, heterogeneity, overlap, and interdependence of major psychiatric disorders. For example, in our earlier work we have provided evidence of a significant molecular overlap between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (Le-Niculescu et al, 2007), which has been confirmed by more recent independent studies. Based on our work and that of others in the field, we believe that the cumulative combinatorics of common (normal) genetic variants may underlie the vulnerability or resilience to disease, in lieu of or in addition to rare (abnormal) mutations. We have proposed a combinatorial modular Lego® game-like model for psychiatric disorders (Le-Niculescu et al, 2007; Niculescu et al, 2006).

It is likely that panels of markers (SNPs, biomarkers) rather than single markers will emerge as useful profiling tools for personalized/precision medicine approaches. We anticipate that using CFG to choose and prioritize markers for panels will ensure (1) generalizability across independent cohorts rather than just a good fit to the cohort from which the markers were derived, and (2) a sufficiently strong signal to differentiate across the razor-thin margin that may exist between normalcy and illness.

Diagnosis will remain a complex undertaking, in which the integration of clinical data, biomarker testing, genetic testing, imaging, and other modalities will be factored in as our knowledge evolves.