Photonic crystal nanocavities can strongly enhance the interaction between light and matter. Researchers have now demonstrated high-speed signal generation and all-optical switching with energies in the femtojoule and sub-femtojoule regime.
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Koos, C., Leuthold, J. & Freude, W. Modulation at femtojoule scale. Nature Photon 4, 583–584 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.212
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.212