Addiction research has become increasingly focused on how addictive drugs affect neural signaling within the brain's reward circuitry. New work shows that the frustration of not receiving drugs when they are expected can also affect the inner workings of reward circuits.
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Debbie Maizels
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Carlezon, W., Wise, R. Unmet expectations: The brain minds. Nat Med 9, 15–16 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-15
